Psychology Chapter: Child Development and Disorders

Significant worry and distress when separated from a caregiver or familiar surroundings.

Describes eight stages of psychosocial development, where each stage involves a specific conflict that must be resolved to achieve a virtue.

A model of human needs, arranged in a hierarchy, starting with basic needs (physiological) and progressing to self-actualization, the desire to achieve full potential.

A range of physical and psychological symptoms that occur when someone stops or significantly reduces alcohol use after a period of heavy drinking..

Questions used to evaluate alcohol use and potential problems, such as frequency, quantity, onset and presence of binge drinking, and history of withdrawal.

Elevated pressure within the skull, potentially caused by injury, swelling, or infection.

First stage of psychosocial development (0-1 year) focused on developing trust by nurturing and meeting basic needs.

Potential onset of dangerous withdrawal symptoms (Delirium Tremens) can range from 24 to 36 hours after last alcohol intake.

Managing increased intracranial pressure (ICP) focuses on reducing cerebral edema, CSF volume, and cerebral blood flow while maintaining perfusion.

Medication used to decrease cerebral edema by drawing fluid out of the brain tissues.

Viral infection following chickenpox, affecting nerve pathways; more prevalent in older adults, eye involvement can cause blindness.

Contagious skin mite infestation treated with scabicides, requiring thorough cleaning of all potentially contaminated areas and treating family members for prevention.

Certain medications, including anti-epileptics, anti-gout meds, antibacterial sulfa drugs, pain relievers, and antibiotics, can cause Stephen Johnson's syndrome.

Procedure to remove cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to decrease ICP.

The rate of blood flow to the brain. Maintaining adequate flow is crucial.

Characterized by intense itching, especially at night, and skin burrowings (especially between fingers and wrists).

A personality disorder characterized by a disregard for and violation of the rights of others, lack of empathy, and impulsive behavior.

A personality disorder marked by instability in relationships, mood, self-image, and behavior, often stemming from abandonment fears.

Questions used to identify individuals contemplating self-harm.

Medications that block dopamine receptors in the brain, used to reduce hallucinations and other symptoms of psychosis.

A stage in psychosocial development where school-aged children develop a sense of competence or inferiority based on societal expectations.

Erikson's last stage of psychosocial development, where older adults reflect on their lives and search for meaning and acceptance.

In Maslow's hierarchy, the needs for recognition, respect, and accomplishment that motivate individuals after basic needs are met.

A type of therapy that helps identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to psychological distress.

A therapy using rhythmic stimulation of the brain's hemispheres to reduce PTSD symptoms.

Involuntary, repetitive movements, often seen in patients using antipsychotics long-term.

Inflammation of the breast tissue, usually occurring in breastfeeding mothers, often caused by a bacterial infection.

Hallucinations and delusions, often experienced by individuals with psychotic disorders.

Symptoms that reflect a decrease in normal functions, such as apathy, social withdrawal, and lack of motivation.

The recurring natural process in a woman's body, involving the preparation for potential pregnancy, marked by regular changes in hormone levels, changes in the lining of the uterus, and bleeding.

Blood tests to monitor lithium levels, aiming for a range of 0.6 to 1.2 mEq/L for optimal effectiveness and minimized toxicity.

The transition period leading up to menopause, characterized by hormonal changes and irregular menstrual cycles. It can last several years until the final menstrual period.

Before a mammogram, women should avoid using deodorants, lotions, or powders on their breasts, as these can interfere with the imaging results.

Medications like lorazepam and alprazolam, used for short-term anxiety management with rapid effects, but they also carry dependence and tolerance risks.

Some research suggests SSRIs, a common antidepressant class, may increase suicidal thoughts in patients under 25.

Evaluation of both male and female partners to identify potential causes of infertility. This commonly includes medical history, physical exams, and investigations into underlying conditions.

An eating disorder characterized by extreme food restriction, intense fear of weight gain, and a distorted body image.

A behavioral disorder characterized by persistent negative, hostile, and defiant behavior towards authority figures. Children with this disorder often argue, defy rules, blame others, and exhibit anger and resentment.

A neurodevelopmental disorder that involves difficulties with inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It can affect a child's ability to focus, sit still, and control their behavior.

A mental health disorder characterized by persistent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that the person feels driven to perform. These activities are intended to reduce anxiety, but they can be time-consuming and interfere with everyday life.

A behavioral disorder characterized by a pattern of disregard for the rights of others, as well as aggression, bullying, and antisocial behaviors.

A condition where the bladder bulges into the vagina, often due to weakened pelvic floor muscles. Symptoms include a feeling of fullness or pressure in the pelvic area and urinary problems.

A complication of pregnancy where the fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, most often in the fallopian tube. This can lead to severe bleeding and pain.

Babies born to mothers with substance abuse problems may exhibit a range of symptoms, including a high-pitched cry, irritability, difficulty calming, and need for low stimulation.

Following surgery, especially for conditions involving significant bleeding (e.g., ectopic pregnancy), maintaining the patient's fluid status should be the top priority.

Hallucinations and delusions are considered positive symptoms of psychosis because they represent an addition to normal experiences.

Symptoms of psychosis that represent a loss or reduction in normal functions like speech, motivation, and emotional expression.

A serious and potentially fatal alcohol withdrawal syndrome that can occur 24-36 hours after the last drink. It's marked by confusion, agitation, hallucinations, and tremors.

Strategies used to reduce pressure inside the skull (intracranial pressure - ICP) by decreasing cerebral edema, cerebrospinal fluid volume, and cerebral blood flow while maintaining perfusion to the brain.

A personality disorder with unstable relationships, mood swings, fear of abandonment, impulsivity, and self-harm tendencies.

Evaluating whether someone is considering suicide by asking about thoughts, plans, previous attempts, and actions taken.

Medications that block dopamine receptors in the brain, used to reduce hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms.

Erikson's stage where school-age children develop a sense of competence or inadequacy based on societal expectations and their abilities.

Erikson's final stage where older adults reflect on their lives, searching for meaning and acceptance, or feeling regret and despair.

Maslow's level of needs where individuals strive for recognition, respect, and a sense of accomplishment after basic needs are met.

The highest level of Maslow's hierarchy, representing the realization of one's full potential, personal growth, and pursuing self-fulfillment.

TBSA calculation estimates the percentage of body surface area affected by a burn. It helps determine the severity of the burn and guide treatment.

A method to estimate TBSA, dividing the body into areas representing 9% or multiples of 9% of the total surface.

The Rule of Nines provides an initial estimate, but precise measurements and calculations are needed for accurate treatment planning.

The precise area burned, injury characteristics (depth, location, etc.), and individual patient factors all influence TBSA calculation.

Accurate TBSA estimates guide treatment decisions, fluid resuscitation, and determining the need for intensive care.

Total Body Surface Area, a measure of the amount of skin surface affected by a burn. The Rule of Nines helps estimate TBSA.

The depth of a burn, categorized as superficial (first-degree), partial-thickness (second-degree), or full-thickness (third-degree).

Factors beyond burn depth and size, such as age, medical conditions, injury mechanism, and the location of the burn, influence treatment and prognosis.

Different depths, sizes, and locations of burns require specific care approaches.

Involves evaluating burn depth, size, location, associated injuries, medical history, level of consciousness, and vital signs.

The area between the buttocks, accounting for 1% of the total body surface area in the Rule of Nines.

The Rule of Nines is used in pre-hospital settings to quickly estimate burn severity and determine the need for urgent medical intervention.

The Rule of Nines is a simplified estimation and may not be accurate for all patients, especially children or those with large, irregularly shaped burns. It doesn't account for burn depth variations.

Accurate TBSA estimates guide treatment decisions, fluid resuscitation, and determining the need for intensive care.

A calculation to estimate fluid needs for burn patients in the first 24 hours. It considers TBSA% and weight.

The Parkland Formula's fluid administration is divided into four equal parts over 24 hours: first half in the first 8 hours, second half in the next 16 hours.

Adequate urine output indicates successful fluid resuscitation in burn patients. It signals the kidneys are functioning.

Beyond the formula, patient age, pre-existing conditions, burn type, depth, and location influence fluid resuscitation.

The longest stage of labor, encompassing the latent, active, and transition phases. It is characterized by cervical dilation, effacement, and increasing contraction intensity.

The stage where the cervix is fully dilated, and the woman experiences a strong urge to push, leading to the baby's birth.

The final stage of labor, involving the separation and expulsion of the placenta from the uterine wall.

The initial phase of the first stage of labor, characterized by irregular and mild contractions with cervical dilation from 0 to 3 cm.

The middle phase of the first stage of labor, marked by regular, stronger contractions and cervical dilation from 4 to 7 cm.