Psychology Chapter: Child Development and Disorders

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Questions and Answers

What is a common feature of separation anxiety in children?

Worry about their grades

Disinterest in friends

Fear of monsters at night

Concern for parental and child's safety (correct)

At which stage of Erikson's development does the conflict of trust versus mistrust occur?

Early Childhood (1-3)

Infancy (0-1) (correct)

Adolescence (12-18)

School age (7-11)

What virtue is associated with the stage of 'Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt' in Erikson's theory?

Hope

Will (correct)

Purpose

Love

Which of the following is a sign or symptom of alcohol withdrawal?

Hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of asking specific assessment questions about alcohol consumption?

To identify potential alcohol withdrawal symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Erikson's development involves establishing intimacy and relationships?

Early Adult (19-29) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of self-actualization in Maslow's hierarchy?

The desire to become the most one can be Signup and view all the answers

What action can help reduce a patient's intracranial pressure (ICP)?

Elevating the head of the bed Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal in managing increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

Decreasing cerebral edema Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is least likely to cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome?

Ibuprofen Signup and view all the answers

What is an important precaution for patients with shingles?

Avoid getting the rash near the eyes to prevent blindness. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is recommended to identify scabies lesions?

Using a magnifying glass and penlight at an oblique angle Signup and view all the answers

What action is advised to prevent the spread of scabies within households?

Treat all residents, staff, and families simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

How should scabicide be applied for treating scabies?

Thinly over the entire skin from neck down, sparing the face and scalp Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of scabies?

Increased itching at night Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osmotic diuretics in managing increased ICP?

Reduce cerebral edema Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with antisocial personality disorder?

Extreme fear of abandonment Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavioral symptom of borderline personality disorder?

Chronic feelings of emptiness Signup and view all the answers

What is assessed to evaluate suicidal ideation?

Plan to hurt oneself Signup and view all the answers

In Erik Erikson's stage of Industry vs. Inferiority, what do children seek to develop?

A sense of competence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Self-Actualization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antipsychotic medications?

Block dopamine and reduce hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development involves older adults reflecting on their lives?

Integrity vs. Despair Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy primarily aids patients in identifying what?

Automatic negative thoughts and distorted thinking Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy involves bilateral stimulation of the brain's hemispheres to reduce PTSD symptoms?

EMDR Therapy Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the involuntary repetitive movements often seen in patients who have used antipsychotics long-term?

Tardive Dyskinesia Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal lithium level range that healthcare providers aim for in the blood?

0.6 to 1.2 mEq/L Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following class of medications carries a risk of dependence and tolerance when used for anxiety management?

Benzodiazepines Signup and view all the answers

Which eating disorder is characterized by extreme food restriction and a distorted body image?

Anorexia Nervosa Signup and view all the answers

What type of symptoms are children more likely to report when experiencing depression and anxiety compared to adults?

Somatic Symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications cannot be taken in conjunction with foods containing tyramine?

MAOIs Signup and view all the answers

What syndrome can occur as a result of overdosing on medications such as SSRIs?

Serotonin Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by a child requiring few distractions during homework time and clear directions?

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Signup and view all the answers

What disorder is likely indicated in a teenager who frequently receives detentions for bullying?

Conduct Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is a common anxiety disorder symptom when a child continuously checks on parents at night due to illness fears?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is indicated by argumentative behaviors against authority figures in children?

Oppositional Defiant Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary teaching point for young girls regarding the menstrual cycle?

Bleeding typically lasts 5-7 days Signup and view all the answers

What symptom may cause a patient in a state of mania to neglect essential needs like eating or sleeping?

Increased Activity Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about autonomic dysreflexia is correct?

Symptoms include a pounding headache and elevated blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant priority for a burn patient when the face or neck is not involved in the injury?

Fluid status Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential sign of a cystocele?

Urine leakage or urinary incontinence Signup and view all the answers

What is the priority concern for a patient with ectopic pregnancy experiencing heavy bleeding post-surgery?

Fluid status Signup and view all the answers

What should be taught to a patient preparing for a mammogram?

Do not use deodorants or lotions Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided as a contraindication for oral contraceptives?

Blood clots Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical nursing action for a couple experiencing infertility?

Educate them to check sperm counts Signup and view all the answers

Match the following substances with their monitoring requirements:

Lithium = Therapeutic level of 0.6-1.2 mEq/L Benzodiazepines = Monitor for dependence and tolerance SSRIs = Assess for suicidal ideation, especially in young adults Antipsychotics = Regularly check for extrapyramidal symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Match the eating disorder with its characteristic symptom:

Anorexia Nervosa = Extreme food restriction Bulimia Nervosa = Binge eating followed by purging Binge Eating Disorder = Repeated episodes of eating large quantities Pica = Craving and eating non-food substances Signup and view all the answers

Match the PTSD symptom with its description:

Flashbacks = Reliving the traumatic event Avoidance = Steering clear of reminders of trauma Hyperarousal = Increased anxiety and arousal levels Negative alterations in mood = Persistent negative emotions Signup and view all the answers

Match the following SSRIs with their indications:

Fluoxetine = Treatment of depression in children and adults Sertraline = Use in PTSD and obsessive-compulsive disorder Escitalopram = Generalized anxiety disorder management Paroxetine = Social anxiety disorder treatment Signup and view all the answers

Match the substance with its common risk factor:

Benzodiazepines = Potential for withdrawal seizures Alcohol = Risk of delirium tremens (DTs) Caffeine = Possible anxiety aggravation Opioids = Dependence and overdose risk Signup and view all the answers

Match the psychological condition with its typical age of onset:

Anorexia Nervosa = Adolescence Bulimia Nervosa = Late adolescence to early adulthood Panic Disorder = Late adolescence to early adulthood Generalized Anxiety Disorder = Child and adolescent years Signup and view all the answers

Match the medication class with its primary consideration during use:

SSRIs = Monitor for increase in anxiety initially Lithium = Frequent blood level checks Benzodiazepines = Short-term use to prevent habit formation Antipsychotics = Routine monitoring for metabolic syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Match the common withdrawal symptoms with their descriptions:

Tremors = Involuntary shaking of limbs Anxiety = Intense feelings of unease Hallucinations = Experiencing unreal perceptions Seizures = Abnormal electrical activity in the brain Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts to their descriptions:

Lithium Monitoring = Aim for blood levels between $0.6$ and $1.2$ mEq/L Benzodiazepine Risks = Potential for dependence and tolerance SSRIs in Young Adults = Increased risk of suicidal thoughts under age $25$ Eating Disorders = Characterized by extreme food restriction and distorted body image Signup and view all the answers

Match the following eating disorder symptoms with their definitions:

Anorexia Nervosa = Extreme fear of gaining weight and distorted body image Bulimia Nervosa = Involves purging behaviors to prevent weight gain Binge Eating Disorder = Recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food Pica = Craving non-food substances like dirt or chalk Signup and view all the answers

Match the following PTSD symptoms with their characteristics:

Intrusive symptoms = Unwanted flashbacks or memories of the traumatic event Avoidance behaviors = Staying away from reminders of the trauma Negative mood alterations = Persistent negative thoughts or feelings Heightened arousal = Increased startle response and irritability Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements about Lithium monitoring to their implications:

Too low lithium levels = May lead to reduced effectiveness Too high lithium levels = Can cause toxicity and serious side effects Regular monitoring = Ensures safe and effective treatment Patient education = Importance of adhering to blood test schedules Signup and view all the answers

Match the following eating disorders with their associated behaviors:

Anorexia Nervosa = Severe restriction of food intake Bulimia Nervosa = Binge eating followed by purging Binge Eating Disorder = Episodes of uncontrolled eating Pica = Eating something that is not food Signup and view all the answers

Match the following categories of SSRIs risks with their impact:

Under age $25$ = Higher risk of suicidal ideation Discontinuation syndrome = Withdrawal symptoms upon cessation Weight gain = Possible side effect leading to non-adherence Sexual dysfunction = Common complaint affecting quality of life Signup and view all the answers

Match the following benzodiazepines with their common usage:

Lorazepam = Short-term management of anxiety symptoms Alprazolam = Rapid onset calming effects Diazepam = Used for muscle relaxation Clonazepam = Management of seizure disorders Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to PTSD to their definitions:

PTSD = Disorder following exposure to a traumatic event Anhedonia = Inability to experience pleasure Somatic Symptoms = Physical complaints related to psychological distress Suicide Precautions = Necessary for patients reporting hopelessness Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of lithium monitoring with their significance:

Therapeutic range = 0.6-1.2 mEq/L Toxicity symptoms = Nausea, tremors, confusion Kidney function = Assessed due to potential nephrotoxicity Serum levels = Monitored regularly to ensure safety Signup and view all the answers

Match the following risks associated with benzodiazepines:

Dependence = Risk of developing tolerance Withdrawal symptoms = Anxiety, seizures, insomnia Cognitive impairment = Short-term memory issues Overdose risk = Potentially life-threatening when combined with depressants Signup and view all the answers

Match the side effects of SSRIs commonly experienced by young adults:

Nausea = Gastrointestinal discomfort Sexual dysfunction = Reduced libido Weight gain = Metabolic side effects Insomnia = Sleep disturbances Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of eating disorders:

Anorexia nervosa = Extreme food restriction Bulimia nervosa = Binge eating with purging Binge eating disorder = Consuming large amounts without compensatory behavior Pica = Eating non-food substances Signup and view all the answers

Match the symptoms often seen in PTSD:

Intrusive memories = Recurrent distressing thoughts Avoidance = Staying away from reminders of the trauma Negative alterations in mood = Feelings of hopelessness Hyperarousal = heightened startle response Signup and view all the answers

Match the following behaviors associated with PTSD:

Flashbacks = Re-experiencing traumatic events Avoidance behaviors = Avoiding thoughts or conversations about trauma Emotional numbness = Feeling detached from others Irritability = Increased anger and frustration Signup and view all the answers

Match the following outcomes with respective interventions for young adults on SSRIs:

Monitoring weight = Address potential weight gain Regular follow-ups = Assess effectiveness and side effects Counseling support = Aid in managing symptoms Medication adherence = Ensure consistent usage to optimize benefits Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions regarding lithium therapy:

Half-life = Time taken for the drug to be reduced by half Loading dose = Initial higher dose to reach therapeutic levels quickly Maintenance dose = Regular dose during treatment to keep levels stable Trough level = Lowest concentration of the drug before the next dose Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of accurately calculating the total body surface area (TBSA) in burn management?

To assess overall burn severity and guide treatment planning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence the calculation of total body surface area for burn injuries?

The specific area and characteristics of the injury Signup and view all the answers

How does understanding total body surface area (TBSA) affect the urgency of care for burn patients?

It helps in decision making about the required level of care Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is associated with using the Rule of Nines for TBSA estimation?

It may not align with more precise TBSA measurement methods Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to have a refined assessment for burn injuries as time progresses?

To adjust fluid resuscitation and treatment plans as needed Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total body surface area does the perineum account for according to the Rule of Nines?

1% Signup and view all the answers

Which category of burn depth is characterized by visual characteristics such as redness and mild swelling?

Superficial (first-degree) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically considered in a comprehensive burn assessment?

Patient's favorite activities Signup and view all the answers

What does Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) measure in a burn patient?

The amount of skin surface area affected by a burn Signup and view all the answers

In the Rule of Nines, what is the total percentage of TBSA accounted for by each leg?

18% Signup and view all the answers

What role does age play in the assessment of burn severity?

Older patients may have weakened skin and comorbidities impacting recovery. Signup and view all the answers

Which burn depth classification involves damage to all layers of the skin and potentially underlying tissue?

Full-thickness (third-degree) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic would most likely indicate the need for urgent medical intervention in burn cases?

Burns located on critical areas such as the face, hands, or feet Signup and view all the answers

Match the following body regions with their corresponding percentage of body surface area (BSA) according to the Rule of Nines:

Head and Neck = 9% Each Arm = 9% Each Leg = 18% Groin/Perineum = 1% Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with their relevance to the Rule of Nines:

Allows for quick assessment of burn area = Initial Assessment Vital for fluid resuscitation planning = Treatment Planning Estimate is based on body regions = Body Surface Area Estimation Not accurate for children = Accuracy Variations Signup and view all the answers

Match the clinical considerations with their corresponding descriptions regarding the use of the Rule of Nines:

Irregular shapes or large burns = Require complex estimations Visual inspection of burns = Crucial for accuracy Deeper partial thickness burns = Need additional considerations Burns around joints = Challenging to measure Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions in the context of burn treatment:

Fluid Resuscitation = Administering fluids based on BSA Burn Depth = Refers to the severity of skin damage Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) = Percentage of the body's area affected by burns Rule of Nines = Estimation tool for burn surface area Signup and view all the answers

Match the body regions impacted by burns with their corresponding percentages according to the Rule of Nines:

Each Anterior Trunk = 9% Each Posterior Trunk = 9% Leg including gluteal region = 18% Each Arm = 9% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Parkland formula in burn management?

To calculate fluid requirements for the first 24 hours Signup and view all the answers

How should the fluid calculated using the Parkland formula be administered?

In half in the first 8 hours and half in the next 16 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically considered in fluid resuscitation for burn patients?

Patient's hair color Signup and view all the answers

What critical monitoring parameter indicates successful fluid resuscitation?

Adequate urine output Signup and view all the answers

Why is ongoing monitoring vital in the management of burn patients?

To assess for signs of fluid overload or shock Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is most significant during the transition phase of the first stage of labor?

Nausea and shaking Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of nursing care during the second stage of labor?

Observing for fetal distress Signup and view all the answers

What is the main event that characterizes the third stage of labor?

Separation of the placenta from the uterine wall Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the active phase of the first stage of labor?

Contractions become more regular and intense Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the duration of the first stage of labor?

Can vary greatly, from hours to days Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Separation Anxiety

Great worry when faced with ordinary separation
Worry for parental safety and the child's safety
Normal, but declines between ages 3 and 5
Nursing management involves finding the reason for the anxiety (e.g., death, divorce, or military deployment) and if a new family member is present
Use SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) as needed.

Erikson's 8 Stages

Infancy (0-1): Trust vs. Mistrust; Virtue: Hope; Description: Trust that basic needs like food and affection will be met.
Early Childhood (1-3): Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt; Virtue: Will; Description: Develop a sense of independence in many tasks and skills.
Play age (3-6): Initiative vs. Guilt; Virtue: Purpose; Description: Take initiative on activities but might feel guilt when unsuccessful or overstepping boundaries.
School age (7-11): Industry vs. Inferiority; Virtue: Competence; Description: Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not competent.
Adolescent (12-18): Identity vs. Confusion; Virtue: Fidelity; Description: Experiment and develop one's identity and roles.
Early Adult (19-29): Intimacy vs. Isolation; Virtue: Love; Description: Establish intimacy and relationships with others.
Middle Adult (20-64): Generativity vs. Stagnation; Virtue: Care; Description: Contribute to society and be part of a family.
Older Adult (65-on): Integrity vs. Despair; Virtue: Wisdom; Description: Assess life and the meaning of contributions.

Maslow's Hierarchy

Self-Actualization: The desire to become the most one can be.
Esteem: Respect, self-esteem, strength.
Love and Belonging: Friends, family, intimacy, connection.
Safety Needs: Security, job, health.
Physiological Needs: Water, air, food, shelter, clothing.

Alcohol Withdrawal

Ask questions about alcohol consumption (frequency, quantity, when started).
Determine if delirium tremens (DTs) are imminent (happens within 24-36 hours after last drink).
Symptoms: Headaches, anxiety, tremors, insomnia, fatigue, gastrointestinal issues, mood changes, heart palpitations, increased blood pressure/heart rate, hyperthermia, rapid breathing, hallucinations, and seizures.

Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP)

Management of increased ICP: Decrease cerebral edema, lower CSF volume, decrease cerebral blood flow while maintaining perfusion.
Methods: Administer osmotic diuretics (Mannitol), restrict fluids, drain CSF, control fever, and maintain systolic blood pressure and oxygenation.
Elevate the head of the bed to 30 degrees.

Shingles Virus

Higher risk if had chickenpox previously.
Follows nerve pathways, common in older adults.
Eye involvement can cause blindness.

Scabies

Contagious skin disease caused by mites.
Not necessarily spread by scratching.
Small, raised burrows, usually on the hands, fingers, wrists, and/or between the fingers.
Characterized by increased itching (especially during nighttime).

Diagnosing Scabies

Use a magnifying glass and penlight to find small, raised burrows between fingers and toes.
Scrape superficial epidermis off burrows with a small scalpel blade.
Look for threadlike lesions (brown or black).

Vascular Ulcers

More common than arterial ulcers.
Impaired return of venous blood from tissues to the heart.
Symptoms: Edema, moist wound, heavy exudate.
Treatment: Reduce edema and topical therapy, prevent complications.

Arterial Ulcers

Poor arterial blood flow.
Painful, dry wound bed, little to no edema, surrounding tissue is pale.

Seizure Priority

Safety is the priority.
Turn the patient onto their side, protect their head, move any furniture that could be a hazard.

Romberg Test

Test for balance.
Patient stands, closes eyes, assess for swaying.

Cranial Nerve III

Assessed by evaluating eye movement.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Risk Factors

Low vitamin D
More common in females.
Genetic factors.
Exposure to Epstein-Barr virus.
Located in northern regions.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Signs and Symptoms

Loss of balance, dizziness.
Muscle weakness in limbs.
Unilateral vision changes.
Relapse-remitting course.
Limbs weakness.
Spasticity.
Lose of balance/coordination.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Interventions

Fluid and fiber.
Physical therapy and steroid infusions.
Enhance urine and bowel functions (MiraLAX or stool softeners).
Improve communication and sexual function.

Aphasia Interventions

Provide a signboard for communication.
Work with speech therapy.

Eye Drops

Wait 5 minutes between applications.

Skin Cancer Risk Factors

People who live in areas with higher sunlight exposure.
Fair-skinned people.
History of burns or x-ray treatment.
People who use acne medication (Accutane).

Glaucoma Education

Educating about the importance of appointment follow-ups.
Demonstrate safe methods of administering eye drops (or ensure family members can do so properly).

Narcissistic Personality

Grandiose, inexhaustible need for admiration.
Believe they are superior, special, and unique.
Handle criticism poorly.
Believe they are entitled.
Ambitious for fame and fortune.
Cannot show empathy.

Histrionic Personality

Excessive needs for admiration; attention-seeking.
Excessively emotional and excitable.
In love with attention, love approval.
Speech is dramatic.
Strong dependency; single relationships; uncomfortable.
Innate sensitivity to the moods and thoughts of those they wish to please.
Depressed when not center of attention.

Antisocial Personality

Disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

Suicide Assessment

Assess for thoughts of self-harm.
Determine if they have a plan.
Determine if they have acted on a plan.
Determine if they have attempted before.

Antipsychotic Treatment and Side Effects

Used to reduce hallucinations and delusions (positive symptoms).
Side effects can include EPS (extrapyramidal symptoms) which include tardive dyskinesia.

Lithium Levels

Monitor lithium blood levels to ensure optimal effectiveness.
Therapeutic range is 0.6-1.2 mEq/L.

Benzodiazepines

Short-term management of anxiety.
Risk of dependence and tolerance

SSRIs and Suicidal Thoughts

SSRIs may increase suicidal thoughts, especially in patients under 25.

Anorexia Nervosa

Characterized by extreme food restriction, intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image.

Purging

Imbalances in electrolytes, dental erosion as a consequence of disordered behavior.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Intrusive symptoms, avoidance behaviors, negative alterations in mood and cognition, and heightened arousal and reactivity.

Anhedonia

Inability to experience joy or pleasure (symptom of depression).

Somatic Symptoms

Children with depression and anxiety more likely to report these as opposed to adults.

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Cannot eat foods containing tyramine.

Suicide Precautions

Necessary precautions in inpatient psychiatric hospitals.

Serotonin Syndrome

Possible with OD of SSRIs & SNRIs.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Displays little eye contact and few facial expressions.

Child with ADHD

Requires minimal distractions and consistent rules.

Bullies and Contact Disorder

Can be linked to a contact disorder when severe or repeated.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Checking behaviors, fears of contamination or illness.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Argumentative behavior towards authority figures.

Pelvic Organ Prolapse (Cystocele)

Bulge of tissue through the vaginal opening, pain and fullness.
Signs/Symptoms: fullness, heaviness, pain in pelvic area, frequent UTIs, trouble starting or slowing a urine stream or leakage of urine, difficulty inserting tampons/feminine products.

APGAR Score

Used to assess a newborn's physical condition immediately after birth.
0 - 3: severely distressed, 4 - 6: moderately distressed, 7 - 10: good condition.
Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration.

Ectopic Pregnancy

Fluid status is the priority, then a CBC to determine blood needs.

Contraindications for Oral Contraceptives

Blood clots, stroke, pregnancy, cancer

Breast Exams

Yearly mammograms are essential for women.

Postpartum Breastfeeding

Teach about breastfeeding techniques and what to look out for in the event of mastitis.

Menstrual Cycle Teaching

Normal bleeding cycle is approximately 5-7 days.

Peri Menopause

Hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and irregular periods.
Menopause occurs when there is no menstruation or period for 12 months.

Infertility Assessment

Look for a history of infections (childhood and STDs).

Burn Patient Priority

Fluid status is a priority for burn patients, especially those with neck or face burns.

Rule of Nines

Used to estimate the extent of burns.

Autonomic Dysreflexia

Life-threatening condition (occurs in spinal cord injuries) that causes very high blood pressure.
Sit the patient up first, before looking at other possible causes.

Myasthenia Gravis Concern

Falls, difficulty with eye movements and ptosis, and possible aspiration.

Spinal Tap Complications

Check for signs of infection post-procedure.

Stages of Labor

Stage 1: onset of labor until cervix is fully dilated; Stage 2: from full dilation to delivery; Stage 3: delivery of placenta and membranes; Stage 4: recovery.

Meniere's Disease

Inner ear condition characterized by vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss.

Parkland Burn Formula

Provides calculations for fluid amounts to give with burns.

Scar Management

Compression wraps are used for reducing scarring.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in child development and psychological disorders. This quiz covers topics such as Erikson's stages of development, symptoms of separation anxiety, and management of mental health conditions. Assess your understanding of psychological theories and their clinical applications.