Child Development and Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What was observed in the 'difficult children' group?

  • High self-control and mild behaviour
  • Low positive affect and high irritability
  • Positive approach and rapid adaptation
  • Withdrawal, slow adaptation, and intense response (correct)

    • What is associated with the development of depression?

  • High positive affect
  • Rapid adaptation
  • Behavioural inhibition
  • Low positive affect (correct)

    • What type of physical disease is most likely to predispose to psychological problems in childhood?

  • Infections
  • Brain disorders (correct)
  • Any kind of serious physical disease
  • Neurodegenerative conditions

    • What is the relationship between diagnostic categories and genetic factors?

    <p>Diagnostic categories do not map closely onto genetic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of comorbidity in childhood psychiatric disorders?

    <p>Overlap between two or more disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of hereditary factors in child psychiatry?

    <p>Polygenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a way in which genes may exert their effects?

    <p>Through intelligence and temperament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of physically ill children had psychiatric problems in the Isle of Wight study?

    <p>About 12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of psychiatric problems in children with brain disorders?

    <p>About 34%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of sibling comparison groups in studies?

    <p>Assuming shared environment is identical for all siblings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely origin of most childhood disorders?

    <p>A complex interaction between neurodevelopmental vulnerabilities and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of heritability is associated with some psychiatric disorders, such as ASD and anxiety disorders?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that accounts for the association between children with psychiatric problems and their parents with psychiatric disorders?

    <p>Environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the study conducted by Thomas et al. (1968)?

    <p>Temperamental factors predisposing to later psychiatric disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of genetic studies in child psychiatry?

    <p>To understand the complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the heritability of around 40% in some psychiatric disorders?

    <p>It implies that there is a significant genetic contribution to these disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is discussed in the sections on autism and hyperactivity?

    <p>Genetic research findings and their relevance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the four interacting groups of factors discussed in the chapter?

    <p>Heredity, temperament, physical impairment, and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the likelihood of developing psychiatric disorders in children with brain injury?

    <p>Adverse psychosocial influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the immature brain compared to the adult brain?

    <p>Greater plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of early brain damage that may not manifest until a later stage of development?

    <p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of neurological damage in childhood?

    <p>Head injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of severe head injury in childhood?

    <p>Behaviour disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a strong association found in childhood?

    <p>Between epilepsy and psychiatric disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause psychiatric disorder in children with epilepsy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that influences the psychological impact of stressful life events in children?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children with conduct disorder?

    <p>Increased risk of experiencing negative life events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of event that can predispose to or provoke a psychiatric disorder in children?

    <p>Life events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of family background is essential for a child's psychological development?

    <p>A stable and secure family with a consistent pattern of emotional warmth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of prolonged separation from or loss of parents on a child's psychological development?

    <p>A profound effect on psychological development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of juvenile delinquency according to Bowlby's work?

    <p>Prolonged separation from the mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of life do attachments form?

    <p>In the second 6 months of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of adaptive attachments?

    <p>An appropriate balance between security and exploration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the procedure used to measure attachment in infancy?

    <p>The Strange Situation Procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of infants are classified as securely attached?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of caregiving associated with disorganized attachments?

    <p>Unpredictable or frightening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome for children who are securely attached?

    <p>They generally do better than those with insecure attachments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the factor that modifies the type of attachment in older children?

    <p>Changing life circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Childhood Disorders and Their Interacting Factors

    • Childhood disorders are likely to emerge from a complex interaction between emerging neurodevelopmental vulnerabilities and aspects of the child's prenatal and postnatal environment.
    • Developmental aspects of childhood disorders reflect the child's maturation psychologically and socially as they grow up.

    Genetic Factors

    • Children with psychiatric problems often have parents who suffer from a psychiatric disorder, with environmental factors accounting for a substantial part of this association.
    • Genetic factors contribute significantly to some psychiatric disorders, especially ASD, hyperactivity, and anxiety disorders, with a heritability of around 40%.
    • Genetic studies have produced relevant findings, especially in sections on autism and hyperactivity.

    Temperament and Individual Differences

    • Certain temperamental factors detected before the age of 2 years predispose to later psychiatric disorder.
    • Early temperamental differences are determined both genetically and by environmental factors.
    • Association between temperamental styles and subsequent childhood psychopathology has been confirmed, with examples including:
      • Behavioural inhibition predicting later anxiety disorders
      • Low positive affect linked to the development of depression
      • Difficulties with self-control and high levels of irritability predicting disruptive behaviour problems, including conduct disorder

    Brain Disorders

    • Brain disorders, such as traumatic injury, epilepsy, infections, tumours, neurodegenerative, or other conditions, are significant risk factors for psychological problems in childhood.
    • Physical disease of any kind can predispose to psychological problems in childhood, but brain disorders are the most important risk factors.
    • The relationship between brain disorder and psychological problems was first noted in the original Isle of Wight study, with about 7% of physically healthy children aged 10-11 years classified as having psychiatric problems, compared to about 12% of physically ill children and 34% of children with brain disorders.

    Brain Injury and Epilepsy

    • Brain injury in childhood is a common cause of neurological damage, with consequences including intellectual impairment and behaviour disorder.
    • The form of the consequent disorder is not very specific, partly because the effects of head injury are seldom localized to one area of the brain.
    • Epilepsy is a strong predictor of psychiatric disorder in childhood, with the causal relationship potentially being of four kinds:
      • The brain lesion causing the epilepsy may also cause the psychiatric disorder
      • The psychological and social consequences of recurrent seizures may cause the disorder
      • The effects of epilepsy on school performance may cause the disorder
      • The drugs used to treat epilepsy may cause the disorder through their side effects

    Environmental Factors

    • Life events can predispose to or provoke a disorder, or protect against it, with the concept of life events being useful in child psychiatry as well as adult psychiatry.
    • Life events can be classified by their severity, social characteristics, or general significance, and their psychological impact is influenced by factors such as temperament, cognitive style, and previous life experience.
    • Family influences, including prolonged separation from or loss of parents, poor relationships, and overt conflict between parents, can have a profound effect on psychological development in infancy and childhood.

    Maternal Deprivation and Attachment

    • Bowlby's work on maternal deprivation led to concern about the effects of prolonged separation from the mother on psychological development.
    • Attachment is a crucial stage of early psychological development, with adaptive attachments characterized by an appropriate balance between security and exploration.
    • Internal models of themselves, others, and relationships with others are formed during infancy and persist into adult life, influencing self-concept and relationships.
    • Secure attachments are associated with caregiving that is sensitive and responsive to the child's needs, while insecure attachments are associated with caregiving that is rejecting, intrusive, unpredictable, or lacking.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the interaction between neurodevelopmental vulnerabilities and environmental factors that contribute to childhood disorders, as well as the role of heredity, temperament, and physical impairment in shaping psychological and social development.

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