Psychology Chapter: Attitudes and Behavior
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Questions and Answers

What does the mere exposure effect suggest about people's feelings towards something?

  • People will increase their negative feelings towards something with exposure.
  • People will become indifferent to something with increased exposure.
  • People will dislike something more with increased exposure.
  • People will come to like something more with increased exposure. (correct)

Which processing route involves deeply analyzing the message content?

  • Indirect route
  • Peripheral route
  • Superficial route
  • Central route (correct)

What concept explains the motivation to align attitudes and behaviors?

  • Behavioral consistency theory
  • Cognitive dissonance theory (correct)
  • Social conformity theory
  • Compliance theory

What strategy suggests that a large request followed by a smaller request is more likely to succeed?

<p>Door-in-the-face strategy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the expectation that one should reciprocate a favor?

<p>Norms of reciprocity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Harold Kelley developed a theory explaining attributions based on what kinds of information?

<p>Consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study examined the effects of self-fulfilling prophecies in an educational setting?

<p>Rosenthal and Jacobson's 'Pygmalion in the Classroom' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor considered in the consistency component of Kelley’s attribution theory?

<p>The individual's behavior across different contexts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bystander effect?

<p>The likelihood of intervention decreases as the number of witnesses increases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT typically increase the likelihood of individuals liking one another?

<p>Contrasting opinions and beliefs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social facilitation?

<p>Improvement in performance in the presence of others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social loafing manifest in group settings?

<p>People contribute less effort when they are part of a group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when groups make more extreme decisions than individual members might?

<p>Group polarization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to groupthink in decision-making processes?

<p>Anonymity and arousal among group members (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential effect of deindividuation?

<p>Behavioral changes based on group dynamics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is social impairment likely to occur?

<p>When being observed while handling a difficult task (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary psychological mechanism behind self-disclosure?

<p>Building trust and intimacy in relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of social psychologists regarding individual behavior?

<p>The impact of external social influences on behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does deindividuation lead to in group situations?

<p>Loss of self-restraint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the central route to persuasion involve?

<p>Deep processing of message content (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens when a large request is rejected in the door-in-the-face strategy?

<p>They are more likely to agree to a smaller follow-up request (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of attribution theory?

<p>The causes of observed behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the fundamental attribution error?

<p>Overestimating dispositional factors' importance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bias is characterized by the tendency to take more credit for good outcomes?

<p>Self-serving bias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary idea behind the just-world bias?

<p>Good things happen to good people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ethnocentrism refer to?

<p>Feeling superior to other cultures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of in-group bias?

<p>Seeing in-group members as less diverse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does contact theory suggest about reducing animosity between groups?

<p>Shared goals are essential for reducing hostility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes instrumental aggression?

<p>Aggression intended to achieve a specific outcome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the mere exposure effect suggest about repeated exposure?

<p>It causes an increase in positive feelings towards the stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon refers to the tendency to apply a stereotype to all members of a group?

<p>Stereotyping (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental attribution error?

<p>Overestimating dispositional factors and underestimating situational factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In collectivist cultures, what is emphasized more than in individualistic cultures?

<p>Links to various groups, such as family or company (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the self-serving bias lead individuals to do?

<p>Take more credit for positive outcomes than for negative ones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is known as the just-world bias?

<p>The tendency to see the world as fair and just (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon describes the belief that members of one's own group are more diverse than those of other groups?

<p>Out-group homogeneity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key idea behind the contact theory?

<p>Cooperation toward a shared goal can reduce animosity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social loafing refers to which behavior?

<p>Contributing less effort when part of a group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does groupthink lead to?

<p>Suppression of dissenting viewpoints and poor decisions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of social facilitation?

<p>Improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is instrumental aggression?

<p>Aggression intended to achieve a specific outcome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines stereotypes?

<p>Can be either positive or negative generalizations about a group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

<p>Frustration often leads to aggressive reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is self-disclosure important in forming relationships?

<p>It facilitates increased understanding and intimacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Cognition

A type of thinking that focuses on understanding how people interpret and make sense of social situations.

Attitude

An evaluative reaction, either positive or negative, towards an object or person.

Mere Exposure Effect

The more we are exposed to something, the more we tend to like it.

Central Route to Persuasion

A persuasive strategy that involves deeply processing the content and logic of a message.

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Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Focusing on surface-level aspects of a message, such as the source's attractiveness or authority, to influence persuasion.

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Cognitive Dissonance

The idea that individuals strive for consistency between their attitudes and behaviors, and experience discomfort when there is a mismatch.

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Door-in-the-Face Strategy

A persuasive tactic that involves making a large request that is likely to be rejected, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request.

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Norms of Reciprocity

A persuasive tactic based on the notion of reciprocal exchange, where people feel obligated to return favors or kindnesses.

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Bystander Effect

The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help someone in need when there are other bystanders present.

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Diffusion of Responsibility

The tendency for individuals to assume that someone else will take action in an emergency situation, thus reducing their own sense of responsibility.

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Social Facilitation

The phenomenon where individuals perform better on simple tasks when they are being observed by others.

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Social Impairment

The tendency for the presence of others to negatively impact performance on complex or unfamiliar tasks.

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Conformity

The tendency for individuals to go along with the views or actions of others.

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Social Loafing

The phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working as part of a group compared to working alone.

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Group Polarization

The tendency for a group to make more extreme decisions than individual members would make on their own.

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Groupthink

A phenomenon where group members suppress their doubts and reservations in order to maintain harmony, often leading to poor decisions.

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Deindividuation

The tendency for individuals to lose their sense of self-restraint and personal responsibility when part of a large group or crowd.

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Self-Disclosure

The process of revealing personal information to another individual.

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Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overestimate the influence of dispositional factors (personality, traits) and underestimate the role of situational factors (environment, context) when explaining someone's behavior.

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Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.

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False-Consensus Effect

The tendency for people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them.

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Self-Serving Bias

The tendency to take more credit for good outcomes than for bad ones.

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Just-World Bias

The tendency to believe that misfortunes befall those who deserve them.

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Stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people.

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Prejudice

An undeserved and usually negative attitude toward a group of people.

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Out-Group Homogeneity

The tendency for people to see members of their own group as more diverse than members of other groups.

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In-Group Bias

The tendency to favor members of one's own group.

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Contact Theory

The idea that contact between hostile groups can reduce animosity if they work together toward a shared goal.

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Superordinate Goal

A shared goal that necessitates the cooperation of all involved groups.

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Instrumental Aggression

Aggression intended to secure a particular end.

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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

The theory that aggression stems from frustration.

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Prosocial Behavior

Any behavior that helps others.

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Zimbardo's Prison Experiment

This experiment illustrated deindividuation and the influence of roles and situations in shaping behavior.

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Attribution Theory

A theory that explains how people determine the cause of events and behaviors.

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Pygmalion in the Classroom

A study that investigated the power of self-fulfilling prophecies in the classroom, showing how teacher expectations can influence student performance.

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Study Notes

Attitudes and Evaluations

  • Attitudes are evaluative, meaning they are positive or negative feelings.
  • The mere exposure effect suggests liking increases with repeated exposure.
  • Persuasive messages can be processed centrally (deep message analysis) or peripherally (focus on communicator).

Attitudes and Behavior

  • Cognitive dissonance theory proposes consistency between attitudes and behaviors.
  • Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's experiment: participants lied about enjoying a boring task, highlighting cognitive dissonance.
  • Compliance strategies like the door-in-the-face technique (large request followed by smaller one) and reciprocity norms (favor for a favor) are used.
  • Norms of reciprocity: influence decisions, for example, donating to charities sending address labels.

Attribution Theory

  • Attribution theory explains how people perceive cause-and-effect in others' behavior.
  • Harold Kelley's theory: attributions based on consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus of behavior.
  • Consistency: how similar an individual's behavior is in the same situation over time.
  • Distinctiveness: how similar the current situation is to other situations.
  • Consensus: how similar others act in this situation.
  • Fundamental attribution error: overestimating dispositional factors and underestimating situational factors in explaining others' actions.
  • Individualistic cultures (e.g., American) emphasize personal attributes; collectivist cultures (e.g., Japanese) emphasize group affiliations.

Self-Serving Bias and the False Consensus Effect

  • False-consensus effect: overestimating how many people agree with one's views.
  • Self-serving bias: taking more credit for positive outcomes and less for negative outcomes.
  • Just-world bias: the belief that misfortunes befall those who deserve them, leading to victim-blaming.

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

  • Stereotypes: generalized beliefs about groups, positive or negative, applicable to any group.
  • Prejudice: negative attitude towards a group, usually undeserved.
  • Ethnocentrism: belief in one's culture's superiority.
  • Out-group homogeneity: perceiving members of other groups as more similar than members of one's own group (in-group).
  • In-group bias: believing one's own group is superior to others.
  • Contact theory: contact between hostile groups reducing animosity when working towards mutual goals.
  • Muzafer Sherif's Robbers Cave study: illustrated the creation of out-group bias and the effectiveness of superordinate goals in uniting groups.
  • Instrumental aggression: aggression to achieve a particular goal.

Aggression and Helping Behavior

  • Instrumental aggression: aggressive acts to achieve a specific goal.
  • Frustration-aggression hypothesis: frustration leads to aggression.
  • Prosocial behavior: helping behavior.
  • Bystander effect: presence of more people to an emergency decreases likelihood of intervention.
  • Social psychologists research factors for liking others: similarity, frequent contact, reciprocity.
  • Self-disclosure: Sharing personal information builds close relationships.

Influence of Others

  • Social facilitation: the performance improvement in the presence of others, particularly with well-practiced tasks.
  • Social impairment: the decline in performance with complex, poorly learned tasks in the presence of others.
  • Conformity: adherence to group views or actions.
  • Social loafing: giving reduced individual effort within a group.
  • Group polarization: group decisions becoming more extreme than individual opinions.
  • Groupthink: group decision-making failures due to suppressed dissenting opinions.
  • Deindividuation: loss of self-restraint in groups due to anonymity and arousal.
  • Philip Zimbardo's prison experiment: highlighted the influence of roles and situations.

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Description

Explore key concepts in psychology related to attitudes, evaluations, and behaviors. This quiz covers theories like cognitive dissonance and the mere exposure effect, along with persuasive communication techniques. Test your understanding of how attitudes influence behavior and decision-making.

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