Psychology Chapter 7, 8 & 9 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is memory?

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

What is encoding?

The process of getting information into the memory system.

What is storage?

The process of retaining encoded information over time.

What is retrieval?

<p>The process of getting the information out of memory storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages of memory in Atkinson and Shiffrin's original model?

<p>Short-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Working Memory' a newer understanding of?

<p>Short-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Working Memory, what does the central executive do?

<p>Pulls information from long-term memory to help make sense of new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is effortful processing?

<p>Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are explicit memories?

<p>Memory of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What memories are encoded through automatic processing?

<p>Implicit memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are implicit memories?

<p>Retaining learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are iconic memories?

<p>Retaining a picture-image memory of a scene for a brief time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are echoic memories?

<p>Retaining a sound memory for a brief time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chunking?

<p>Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a mnemonic?

<p>Memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory has limitless capacity?

<p>Long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is infantile amnesia?

<p>As adults, our conscious memory of our first three years is blank.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recall?

<p>Memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recognition?

<p>Memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are retrieval cues?

<p>Any stimulus linked to a specific memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are context-dependent memories?

<p>Improved recall of specific information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mood-congruent memories?

<p>The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your good or bad mood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is amnesia?

<p>Literally 'without memory' - a loss of memory, often due to brain trauma, injury, or disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is storage decay?

<p>That even after encoding information, we may forget it later.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is retrieval failure?

<p>'Tip-of-the-Tongue' - the brain doesn't have enough information to fully recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is proactive interference?

<p>The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is retroactive interference?

<p>The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What experiment illustrated the misinformation effect?

<p>Loftus &amp; Palmer - People who watched a video of a car accident and later asked to recall it with different wording.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is source amnesia?

<p>Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is déjà vu?

<p>That eerie sense that 'I've experienced this before.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three conditions under which kids can give credible eyewitness testimony?

<p>A neutral person communicates with the child</p> Signup and view all the answers

What techniques can therapists use to promote false memories?

<p>Aided by hypnosis or drugs, or helped to dig back and visualize your trauma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the spacing effect?

<p>The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cognition?

<p>All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a concept?

<p>A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prototype?

<p>A mental image or best example of a category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an algorithm?

<p>A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees you will solve a particular problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are heuristics?

<p>A simple thinking strategy that often allows you to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is confirmation bias?

<p>A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort evidence that contradicts them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fixation?

<p>The inability to see a problem from a new perspective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the availability heuristic?

<p>Judging the likelihood of an event based on its availability in memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is overconfidence?

<p>The tendency to be more confident than correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is belief perseverance?

<p>Clinging to beliefs and ignoring evidence that proves they are wrong.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is framing?

<p>The way an issue is posed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is creativity?

<p>The ability to produce new and valuable ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is convergent thinking?

<p>Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is divergent thinking?

<p>Expands the number of possible problem solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive abilities did the chimpanzee display in the 'colors experiment'?

<p>Cognitive abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is language?

<p>Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is syntax?

<p>The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is receptive language?

<p>The ability to understand or comprehend language heard or read.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the earliest stage of speech development?

<p>Babbling stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do babies' first words represent, regardless of language?

<p>Babbling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do all human languages share?

<p>Universal grammar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a critical period for language mean?

<p>It's the easiest time to learn a second language; the younger, the better.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Wernicke's area?

<p>Controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Broca's area?

<p>Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Spearman's G factors refer to?

<p>General intelligence that underlines specific mental abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is savant syndrome?

<p>A condition where a person limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emotional intelligence?

<p>The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are aptitude tests?

<p>A test designed to predict a person's future performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are achievement tests?

<p>A test designed to assess what a person has learned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a test is standardized, what does this mean?

<p>The scores are defined by uniform testing procedures and are compared with a pretested group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal curve?

<p>The bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reliability?

<p>The extent to which a test yields consistent results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is validity?

<p>The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caused delayed development issues in babies in an orphanage?

<p>Having minimal interaction with caregivers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a longitudinal study?

<p>Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cross-sectional study?

<p>A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crystallized intelligence?

<p>Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fluid intelligence?

<p>Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is motivation?

<p>A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is drive reduction theory?

<p>The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that motivates us to satisfy the need.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

<p>A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are incentives?

<p>A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most basic need on Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

<p>Physiological - need to satisfy hunger and thirst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow, what are esteem needs?

<p>Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a set point?

<p>The point at which your 'weight thermostat' is supposedly set.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basal metabolic rate?

<p>The body's resting rate of energy output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do recipes use in hot climates to slow the growth of bacteria?

<p>Spices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is obesity?

<p>A medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to negatively affect health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potentially harmful impact of the belonging need?

<p>We experience anxiety, loneliness, jealousy, or guilt when social ties are threatened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is narcissism?

<p>Self-esteem gone wild; being self-important, self-focused, and self-promoting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic components of emotions?

<p>Bodily arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who identified 10 emotions?

<p>Carroll Izard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nervous system prepares you for 'fight or flight'?

<p>Sympathetic division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What division calms you after an emergency?

<p>Parasympathetic division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polygraph?

<p>A lie detector measuring changes in breathing, heart rate, and perspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What expression do people find hard to detect?

<p>Deceiving expressions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is empathy?

<p>You identify with others and imagine what it must be like to walk in their shoes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are facial expressions that convey emotions the same throughout the world?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the facial feedback effect?

<p>The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the behavior feedback effect?

<p>Moving the body as we would when expecting a particular emotion causes us to feel that emotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the men during Ancel Keys' study?

<p>The men began conserving energy and appeared sluggish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the balloon track in Cannon & Washburn's study?

<p>Contractions (hunger pang).</p> Signup and view all the answers

A body that has the chance to hold fat is susceptible to what?

<p>Obesity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dieter whose weight falls below their set point is likely to experience what?

<p>Increase in hunger and a decrease in metabolic rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intellectual disability?

<p>A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Memory Concepts

  • Memory: Persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
  • Encoding: Process of getting information into memory.
  • Storage: Retaining encoded information over time.
  • Retrieval: Accessing information from memory storage.

Models & Types of Memory

  • Atkinson and Shiffrin's Model: Includes sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
  • Working Memory: An updated concept of short-term memory; involves manipulation of information.
  • Central Executive: Part of working memory that manages and integrates information from long-term memory.

Types of Memories

  • Effortful Processing: Encoding that needs attention and conscious effort.
  • Explicit Memories: Facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved.
  • Implicit Memories: Skills and conditioned associations retained unconsciously.

Memory Retention Types

  • Iconic Memories: Brief retention of visual images.
  • Echoic Memories: Brief retention of auditory information.
  • Chunking: Organizing information into familiar units for easier recall.

Memory Enhancement Techniques

  • Mnemonics: Vivid imagery and organizational techniques to aid memory.
  • Long-term Memory: Has virtually limitless capacity.

Memory Retrieval

  • Recall: Retrieving previously learned information without cues.
  • Recognition: Identifying previously learned items with cues.
  • Retrieval Cues: Stimuli linked to specific memories enhance recall.
  • Context Dependent Memories: Recall improves when encoding and retrieval contexts match.

Memory Interference & Errors

  • Proactive Interference: Prior learning disrupts recall of new information.
  • Retroactive Interference: New information disrupts recall of old information.
  • Misinformation Effect: Distortions in memory caused by misleading information.

Cognitive Processes

  • Cognition: Mental activities involved in thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
  • Concepts: Mental groupings of similar items, events, or ideas.
  • Prototypes: Best examples of categories used for sorting new items.

Problem Solving

  • Algorithms: Methodical procedures that guarantee problem-solving.
  • Heuristics: Simplified strategies for quicker, though more error-prone, problem-solving.
  • Confirmation Bias: Tendency to seek information that supports existing beliefs.

Emotional & Social Psychology

  • Emotional Intelligence: Ability to perceive and manage emotions.
  • Components of Emotions: Bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.

Intelligence and Testing

  • Aptitude Tests: Predict future performance based on capacity to learn.
  • Achievement Tests: Assess knowledge or skills already acquired.
  • Reliability and Validity: Measures of consistency and accuracy in assessments.

Developmental Psychology

  • Longitudinal Study: Research involving repeated observations of the same subjects over time.
  • Cross-Sectional Study: Research comparing different age groups simultaneously.

Motivation and Needs

  • Motivation: Need or desire that drives behavior.
  • Drive Reduction Theory: Motivation stemming from physiological needs prompting behavior to satisfy them.
  • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Framework prioritizing human needs from physiological to self-actualization.

Body Weight Regulation

  • Set Point: Weight range the body tries to maintain through hunger and metabolic rate regulation.
  • Basal Metabolic Rate: Energy output at rest.

Psychological Phenomena

  • Narcissism: Extreme self-focus and self-importance.
  • Empathy: Ability to understand others' feelings through imagination.

Cultural Elements

  • Facial Expressions: Universal across cultures reflecting emotions similarly.
  • Behavior Feedback Effect: Body movements influence emotional experiences.

Health Implications

  • Obesity: Accumulation of excess body fat affecting health.
  • Intellectual Disability: Limited mental ability signified by a low IQ and challenges in daily life.

Noteworthy Studies

  • Cannon & Washburn: Studied physiological hunger signals through balloon contractions.
  • Ancel Keys: Investigated the psychological and physical effects of extreme dieting on men.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key concepts from chapters 7, 8, and 9 of your psychology course. Focused on memory processes, encoding, storage, and retrieval, this quiz helps reinforce your understanding of important psychological concepts.

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