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Questions and Answers
What does the process of consolidation involve?
What does the process of consolidation involve?
Which brain region is primarily responsible for explicit and new memories?
Which brain region is primarily responsible for explicit and new memories?
Which type of memory refers to generating remembered information independently?
Which type of memory refers to generating remembered information independently?
What phenomenon describes the creation of fictitious memories due to misleading information?
What phenomenon describes the creation of fictitious memories due to misleading information?
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What did Karl Lashley's experiments suggest about the location of engrams in the brain?
What did Karl Lashley's experiments suggest about the location of engrams in the brain?
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What is an example of a retrieval cue?
What is an example of a retrieval cue?
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How long does iconic memory last?
How long does iconic memory last?
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Which phenomenon explains the strengthening of connections between two neurons when they are activated simultaneously?
Which phenomenon explains the strengthening of connections between two neurons when they are activated simultaneously?
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Which type of memory does NOT require conscious thought?
Which type of memory does NOT require conscious thought?
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What is the duration of information retention in short-term memory without rehearsal?
What is the duration of information retention in short-term memory without rehearsal?
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Which process is responsible for getting information into memory?
Which process is responsible for getting information into memory?
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Which type of memory is categorized as procedural memory?
Which type of memory is categorized as procedural memory?
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What describes the tendency to remember items better at the start of a list?
What describes the tendency to remember items better at the start of a list?
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Flashcards
Engram
Engram
The physical changes in the brain that store memories. They are how our experiences change the structure and function of our central nervous system.
Consolidation
Consolidation
The process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories.
Retrieval Cues
Retrieval Cues
Hints or pieces of information that help us access stored memories.
Context-Dependent Memory
Context-Dependent Memory
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Long-Term Potentiation
Long-Term Potentiation
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Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory
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Short-Term Memory
Short-Term Memory
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Long-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
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Explicit Memory
Explicit Memory
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Implicit Memory
Implicit Memory
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Misinformation Effect
Misinformation Effect
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Flashbulb Memories
Flashbulb Memories
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Memory Encoding
Memory Encoding
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Study Notes
Memory
- Memory is an active process of constructing information over time.
- Brain regions involved in memory include the hippocampus (explicit, new memories), cerebellum (implicit memories), and prefrontal cortex (semantic, short-term memory). The entire cortex stores explicit memories
- Amnesia refers to the loss of memories.
- The misinformation effect involves creating false memories after receiving misleading information after an event. Example: Dr. Elizabeth Loftus's experiment with car crashes.
- Flashbulb memories are vivid and emotionally charged memories that may change or fluctuate over time.
- Memory has three systems:
- Sensory memory: Holds sensory information, allowing perceptual processing. It has a large capacity but short duration (iconic - visual, 1.5 seconds; echoic - auditory, 2-4 seconds).
- Short-term memory (working memory): Stores temporary information (20-30 seconds without rehearsal). Its capacity is limited (5-9 items).
- Long-term memory: Stores acquired information for unlimited duration and capacity.
- Explicit (declarative) memories: Consciously recalled memories:
- Episodic: Events in one's life
- Semantic: Facts about the world
- Implicit (non-declarative) memories: Do not require conscious thought:
- Procedural: Skills and actions
- Priming: Exposure to a stimulus influences a future response (e.g., seeing red and then thinking of a red fruit).
- Explicit (declarative) memories: Consciously recalled memories:
Memory Processes
- Stages of Memory Processes:
- Encoding: Getting information into memory through attention and mnemonics.
- Storage: Maintaining information over time
- Engrams are the physical basis of memory (changes in the CNS)
- Consolidation: fixing engrams in long-term memory.
- Schemas are mental models relevant to the stored information.
- Retrieval: Accessing stored information when needed.
- Recall: Generating information on one's own.
- Recognition: Identifying previously learned information.
- Retrieval cues: Hints that aid in remembering. Encoding to retrieval is improved by matching the context between encoding and retrieval.
- Primacy Effect: Better memory for items at the beginning of a list.
- Recency Effect: Better memory for items at the end of a list.
Biological Basis of Memory
- Engram: Physical changes in the brain resulting from experience (a memory trace).
- Karl Lashley: Research showed engrams aren't stored in a specific brain location but distributed throughout.
- Donald Hebb: Proposed that neurons activated together become associated.
- Long-term potentiation: Strengthening connections between neurons after activation.
- Long-term depression: Weakening connections between neurons after low or no activation.
- Mood-dependent memory: Memory retrieval is enhanced when the mood during encoding matches the mood during retrieval.
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Description
Explore the intricate processes of memory in this quiz. Understand the roles of different brain regions, the types of memory systems, and phenomena such as amnesia and the misinformation effect. Test your knowledge on how memories are constructed and stored in the brain.
