Psychology Chapter 6: Remembering and Forgetting

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the best description of the primacy effect?

Remembering words at the middle of a list better than those at the end.

Remembering words at the beginning of a list better than those in the middle. (correct)

Remembering words in any position equally well.

Remembering words at the end of a list better than those in the middle.

Which type of memory is used when recalling a personal experience, such as a vacation?

Episodic Memory (correct)

Procedural Memory

Semantic Memory

Working Memory

What is the main difference between episodic and semantic memory?

Episodic memory is about specific events, while semantic memory is about general knowledge. (correct)

Episodic memory is more easily forgotten than semantic memory.

Episodic memory stores facts, while semantic memory stores personal experiences.

Episodic memory is used for language, while semantic memory is used for spatial reasoning.

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?

Knowing the capital of France. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recency effect?

Remembering items from the end of a list better than those at the beginning. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the role of concepts in semantic memory?

Concepts are used to organize and categorize information based on similarities. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of how information is organized in semantic memory?

By time - arranging information based on when it was learned. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the serial position effect?

Items at the beginning and end of a list are remembered better than those in the middle. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Episodic Buffer act as in the Working Memory Model?

A 'backup' store that allows for quick access to long-term memory. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Central Executive in the Working Memory Model?

To coordinate and manage the flow of information between the different working memory components. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Stage Model of Memory, what process is responsible for converting information into a form that can be stored in memory?

Encoding (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the Stage Model of Memory, what happens to information in Sensory Memory that does not receive our attention?

It fades away and disappears quickly. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between Sensory Memory and Short-Term Memory?

Sensory Memory holds raw sensory input, while Short-Term Memory holds processed information. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does information move from Short-Term Memory to Long-Term Memory in the Stage Model?

Through elaborative rehearsal, connecting it to other information already in memory. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Working Memory Model proposed by Baddeley?

Sensory Memory (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Visuo-spatial Sketchpad in the Working Memory Model?

Holding and manipulating visual and spatial information. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The peg system associating numbers with objects, helping memorize lists, is attributed to whom?

Henry Herdson (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to student readiness for learning?

Regular practice and drill (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the 'Primacy' principle in learning?

Presenting subject matter in a logical and sequential way (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples BEST illustrates the 'Exercise' principle?

A student uses flashcards to repeatedly review vocabulary words (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the imagery walk method?

Creating a visual representation of the information to be remembered (C) Signup and view all the answers

The 'Effect' principle emphasizes that learning is most effective when:

Students have positive experiences associated with the learning (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the peg system differ from the imagery walk method?

The peg system uses numbers as a basis, while the imagery walk method involves a visual journey (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key principle outlined in the text for effective learning?

Repetition (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of the principle of intensity?

Intense learning experiences lead students to remember more efficiently. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key benefit of following a lesson plan?

It ensures that the subject matter is delivered effectively the first time. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements ACCURATELY describes the relationship between freedom and learning?

Freedom is essential for students to learn and develop responsibility. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of learning is exemplified by the statement: "Students are more likely to remember information that they learned recently."

Recency (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential feature of the Atkinson and Shiffrin Model of Memory?

It proposes that all information is processed through a series of storage systems. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is responsible for remembering personal events, experiences, and specific episodes in our lives?

Episodic memory (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key benefit of incorporating real-life examples and personal experiences into learning?

It creates a more intense learning experience, leading to greater memorization. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three great freedoms that contribute to personal responsibility, according to the content?

Freedom of choice, freedom of action, freedom to bear the result of action. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes a mnemonic device?

It organizes information to enhance memory retention. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an acronym?

VIBGYOR. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the Acrostic Method aid memory?

By creating sentences from the first letters of words. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What technique is described as breaking down larger pieces of information?

Chunking. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which method relies on associating images with words?

Imagery. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Method of Loci utilize for memory retention?

Familiar places as memory pegs. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which technique uses visual aids to enhance memory?

Imagery. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of using mnemonic devices?

They enhance the organization of information. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of working memory?

To hold and process information currently in use (C) Signup and view all the answers

How many discrete items can working memory typically hold?

7 ± 2 items (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of chunking?

Combining information into larger, meaningful units (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of working memory deals with auditory information?

Phonological loop (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role does the central executive play in working memory?

It coordinates and supervises the other components (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of information that can be chunked?

Initials of companies like IBM and FBI (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to items in working memory when new information enters beyond its capacity?

Existing information is lost to accommodate new information (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of Baddeley's model of working memory processes visual and spatial information?

Visuospatial sketchpad (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 6: Remembering and Forgetting

Memory System: A cognitive system for storing and retrieving information.
Stages of Memory: Encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Encoding: Converting information into a usable form.
Storage: Retaining encoded information in memory.
Retrieval: Locating stored information in memory.
Sensory Memory: Temporary storage of sensory input to be further processed.
Iconic Memory: Visual sensory register, lasts less than a second.
Echoic Memory: Auditory sensory register, held for 4-5 seconds.
Short-Term Memory (STM): Holds a limited amount of information briefly; about 20-30 seconds.
Long-Term Memory (LTM): Stores large amounts of information for extended periods.
Semantic Memory: Stores general knowledge about the world.
Episodic Memory: Stores personal experiences and events.
Procedural Memory: Implicit memory for performing actions.
Working Memory: Holds information being processed at the moment.

Memory Models

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: Information progresses through sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model: Information is processed in interconnected networks to improve retrieval.

Forgetting

Trace Decay: Memories fade over time due to lack of use/rehearsal.
Interference: One memory disrupts another.
- Proactive Interference: Past learning hinders new learning.
- Retroactive Interference: New learning disrupts past learning.
Retrieval Failure: Information is stored but cannot be accessed due to lack of appropriate retrieval cues.
Amnesia: Partial or total loss of memory.
- Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of memories before an injury or illness.
- Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to create new memories after an injury or illness.
- Alzheimer's Disease: Neurological disease with progressive memory loss and cognitive decline.
Dementia: Severe cognitive decline affecting daily functioning.

Improving Memory

Attention: Paying close attention to new information enhances encoding.
Mnemonics: Strategies to help organize and remember information.
- Acrostic Method: Forming a phrase from the first letters of words to be remembered.
- Chunking: Grouping items into smaller, manageable units.
- Imagery: Creating mental pictures to associate with words/items.
Exercise and practice enhance memory consolidation.

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Description

Explore the intricacies of memory in this quiz on Chapter 6 of Psychology. Test your knowledge on the stages of memory including encoding, storage, and retrieval, as well as different types of memory like sensory, short-term, and long-term. Understand the functions and characteristics of various memory systems.