Psychology Chapter 6: Remembering and Forgetting

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the best description of the primacy effect?

  • Remembering words at the middle of a list better than those at the end.
  • Remembering words at the beginning of a list better than those in the middle. (correct)
  • Remembering words in any position equally well.
  • Remembering words at the end of a list better than those in the middle.

Which type of memory is used when recalling a personal experience, such as a vacation?

  • Episodic Memory (correct)
  • Procedural Memory
  • Semantic Memory
  • Working Memory

What is the main difference between episodic and semantic memory?

  • Episodic memory is about specific events, while semantic memory is about general knowledge. (correct)
  • Episodic memory is more easily forgotten than semantic memory.
  • Episodic memory stores facts, while semantic memory stores personal experiences.
  • Episodic memory is used for language, while semantic memory is used for spatial reasoning.

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?

<p>Knowing the capital of France. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recency effect?

<p>Remembering items from the end of a list better than those at the beginning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the role of concepts in semantic memory?

<p>Concepts are used to organize and categorize information based on similarities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of how information is organized in semantic memory?

<p>By time - arranging information based on when it was learned. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the serial position effect?

<p>Items at the beginning and end of a list are remembered better than those in the middle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Episodic Buffer act as in the Working Memory Model?

<p>A 'backup' store that allows for quick access to long-term memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Central Executive in the Working Memory Model?

<p>To coordinate and manage the flow of information between the different working memory components. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Stage Model of Memory, what process is responsible for converting information into a form that can be stored in memory?

<p>Encoding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Stage Model of Memory, what happens to information in Sensory Memory that does not receive our attention?

<p>It fades away and disappears quickly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between Sensory Memory and Short-Term Memory?

<p>Sensory Memory holds raw sensory input, while Short-Term Memory holds processed information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does information move from Short-Term Memory to Long-Term Memory in the Stage Model?

<p>Through elaborative rehearsal, connecting it to other information already in memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Working Memory Model proposed by Baddeley?

<p>Sensory Memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Visuo-spatial Sketchpad in the Working Memory Model?

<p>Holding and manipulating visual and spatial information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The peg system associating numbers with objects, helping memorize lists, is attributed to whom?

<p>Henry Herdson (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to student readiness for learning?

<p>Regular practice and drill (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the 'Primacy' principle in learning?

<p>Presenting subject matter in a logical and sequential way (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples BEST illustrates the 'Exercise' principle?

<p>A student uses flashcards to repeatedly review vocabulary words (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the imagery walk method?

<p>Creating a visual representation of the information to be remembered (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Effect' principle emphasizes that learning is most effective when:

<p>Students have positive experiences associated with the learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the peg system differ from the imagery walk method?

<p>The peg system uses numbers as a basis, while the imagery walk method involves a visual journey (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key principle outlined in the text for effective learning?

<p>Repetition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of the principle of intensity?

<p>Intense learning experiences lead students to remember more efficiently. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key benefit of following a lesson plan?

<p>It ensures that the subject matter is delivered effectively the first time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements ACCURATELY describes the relationship between freedom and learning?

<p>Freedom is essential for students to learn and develop responsibility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of learning is exemplified by the statement: "Students are more likely to remember information that they learned recently."

<p>Recency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential feature of the Atkinson and Shiffrin Model of Memory?

<p>It proposes that all information is processed through a series of storage systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is responsible for remembering personal events, experiences, and specific episodes in our lives?

<p>Episodic memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key benefit of incorporating real-life examples and personal experiences into learning?

<p>It creates a more intense learning experience, leading to greater memorization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three great freedoms that contribute to personal responsibility, according to the content?

<p>Freedom of choice, freedom of action, freedom to bear the result of action. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes a mnemonic device?

<p>It organizes information to enhance memory retention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an acronym?

<p>VIBGYOR. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Acrostic Method aid memory?

<p>By creating sentences from the first letters of words. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique is described as breaking down larger pieces of information?

<p>Chunking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method relies on associating images with words?

<p>Imagery. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Method of Loci utilize for memory retention?

<p>Familiar places as memory pegs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique uses visual aids to enhance memory?

<p>Imagery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of using mnemonic devices?

<p>They enhance the organization of information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of working memory?

<p>To hold and process information currently in use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many discrete items can working memory typically hold?

<p>7 ± 2 items (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of chunking?

<p>Combining information into larger, meaningful units (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of working memory deals with auditory information?

<p>Phonological loop (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the central executive play in working memory?

<p>It coordinates and supervises the other components (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of information that can be chunked?

<p>Initials of companies like IBM and FBI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to items in working memory when new information enters beyond its capacity?

<p>Existing information is lost to accommodate new information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of Baddeley's model of working memory processes visual and spatial information?

<p>Visuospatial sketchpad (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Primacy effect

Better recall of items at the beginning of a list.

Recency effect

Better recall of items at the end of a list.

Serial position effect

The phenomenon where recall is improved for items at the start and end of a list.

Episodic memory

Memory for specific events and experiences from one’s life.

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Semantic memory

Memory that stores general knowledge and facts, not tied to specific events.

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Memory traces

The way memories are organized according to time, space, and event characteristics.

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Concepts

Mental categories for organizing similar objects or events.

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Factual information

Specific data or details that can be recalled from episodic memory.

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Remembering vs Knowing

Remembering involves recalling an event and its context; knowing is familiarity without recall.

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Working Memory

A memory system that temporarily holds and processes information; previously termed short-term memory.

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Capacity of Working Memory

Working memory can hold about seven (plus or minus two) discrete items at once.

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Chunking

The process of grouping items into larger units to increase memory capacity.

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Phonological Loop

A component of working memory that processes auditory information and sounds of words.

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Visuospatial Sketchpad

A component of working memory that processes visual and spatial information.

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Central Executive

The part of working memory that coordinates the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.

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Alan Baddeley's Theory

The theory that describes working memory as having three major components: phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive.

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Mnemonic Device

A learning technique that aids information retention.

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Acronym

A word formed from the first letters of a phrase.

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Acrostic Method

A technique using the first letters of words to create a sentence.

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Imagery

Using mental images to help remember information.

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Method of Loci

A memory technique that uses visualizations of familiar places.

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Association

Linking new information with established knowledge for better recall.

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Visual Imagery

Creating mental pictures to enhance memory retention.

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Working Memory Components

Parts include the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive.

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Episodic Buffer

Acts as a backup store, linking working memory and long-term memory.

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Information Processing Approach

Memory involves three stages: encoding, storage, retrieval.

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Encoding

The process of converting information into a form suitable for memory storage.

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Storage

The retention of information in memory over time.

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Retrieval

Locating and accessing information stored in memory.

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Selective Attention

The ability to focus on certain aspects of information while ignoring others.

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Elaborative Rehearsal

Connecting new information with existing knowledge to facilitate storage.

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Peg systems

A mnemonic device linking numbers with images to remember lists.

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Imagery walk

A method to recall items by visualizing them in specific locations.

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Readiness in learning

Students must have proper health and conditions to learn effectively.

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Exercise (in learning)

Practice helps reinforce learning and create habits.

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Positive effect in learning

Pleasant learning experiences improve retention and interest.

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Logical order (Primacy)

Teaching concepts in a sequential manner maximizes understanding.

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Recall practice

Active retrieval of information helps strengthen memory connections.

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Physical ability in learning

Physical health affects cognitive learning processes.

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Principle of Recency

States that the most recently learned information is best remembered.

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Principle of Intensity

Intense, vivid experiences lead to better memory retention.

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Learning Freedom

Students need freedom of choice, action, and responsibility to engage in learning.

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Active Learning

Learning is most effective when students actively participate in the process.

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Lesson Plan Importance

Adhering to a lesson plan ensures proper subject delivery on the first try.

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Role of Examples in Learning

Using examples, analogies, and personal experiences enhances understanding.

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Learning Retention

Retention of knowledge is improved with multi-sensory experiences.

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Time and Memory

The longer the time from learning, the harder it is to remember.

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Study Notes

Chapter 6: Remembering and Forgetting

  • Memory System: A cognitive system for storing and retrieving information.
  • Stages of Memory: Encoding, storage, and retrieval.
  • Encoding: Converting information into a usable form.
  • Storage: Retaining encoded information in memory.
  • Retrieval: Locating stored information in memory.
  • Sensory Memory: Temporary storage of sensory input to be further processed.
  • Iconic Memory: Visual sensory register, lasts less than a second.
  • Echoic Memory: Auditory sensory register, held for 4-5 seconds.
  • Short-Term Memory (STM): Holds a limited amount of information briefly; about 20-30 seconds.
  • Long-Term Memory (LTM): Stores large amounts of information for extended periods.
  • Semantic Memory: Stores general knowledge about the world.
  • Episodic Memory: Stores personal experiences and events.
  • Procedural Memory: Implicit memory for performing actions.
  • Working Memory: Holds information being processed at the moment.

Memory Models

  • Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: Information progresses through sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
  • Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model: Information is processed in interconnected networks to improve retrieval.

Forgetting

  • Trace Decay: Memories fade over time due to lack of use/rehearsal.
  • Interference: One memory disrupts another.
    • Proactive Interference: Past learning hinders new learning.
    • Retroactive Interference: New learning disrupts past learning.
  • Retrieval Failure: Information is stored but cannot be accessed due to lack of appropriate retrieval cues.
  • Amnesia: Partial or total loss of memory.
    • Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of memories before an injury or illness.
    • Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to create new memories after an injury or illness.
    • Alzheimer's Disease: Neurological disease with progressive memory loss and cognitive decline.
  • Dementia: Severe cognitive decline affecting daily functioning.

Improving Memory

  • Attention: Paying close attention to new information enhances encoding.
  • Mnemonics: Strategies to help organize and remember information.
    • Acrostic Method: Forming a phrase from the first letters of words to be remembered.
    • Chunking: Grouping items into smaller, manageable units.
    • Imagery: Creating mental pictures to associate with words/items.
  • Exercise and practice enhance memory consolidation.

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