Psychology Chapter 6 Quiz

Questions and Answers

What is learning?

A relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience.

What is nonassociative learning?

Responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus, or event.

What is associative learning?

Linking two stimuli, or events, that occur together.

What is observational learning?

Acquiring or changing a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is habituation?

A decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is sensitization?

An increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is classical conditioning?

A type of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response. Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned response?

A response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex. Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned response?

A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned. Signup and view all the answers

What is acquisition?

The gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is extinction?

A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

What is spontaneous recovery?

A process in which a previously extinguished conditioned response reemerges after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus generalization?

Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus discrimination?

A differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is operant conditioning?

A learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future. Signup and view all the answers

What is the law of effect?

Thorndike's general theory of learning; Any behavior that leads to a 'satisfying state of affairs' is likely to occur again, and any behavior that leads to an 'annoying state of affairs' is less likely to occur again. Signup and view all the answers

What is a reinforcer?

A stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated. Signup and view all the answers

What is shaping?

A process of operant conditioning; it involves reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is positive reinforcement?

The administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior's being repeated. Signup and view all the answers

What is negative reinforcement?

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior's being repeated. Signup and view all the answers

What is continuous reinforcement?

A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs. Signup and view all the answers

What is partial reinforcement?

A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently. Signup and view all the answers

What is partial-reinforcement extinction?

The greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What is positive punishment?

The administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring. Signup and view all the answers

What is negative punishment?

The removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring. Signup and view all the answers

What is behavior modification?

The use of operant-conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones. Signup and view all the answers

What is a cognitive map?

A visual/spatial mental representation of an environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is latent learning?

Learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What is modeling?

The imitation of an observed behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is vicarious learning?

Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action. Signup and view all the answers

What are mirror neurons?

Neurons in the brain that are activated when one observes another individual engage in an action and when one performs a similar action. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning Concepts

Learning is defined as a relatively enduring change in behavior due to experience.
Nonassociative learning involves responding to a single stimulus after repeated exposure.
Associative learning is characterized by linking two stimuli or events occurring together.
Observational learning enables the acquisition or modification of behavior by observing others.

Specific Types of Learning

Habituation results in decreased behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.
Sensitization leads to an increased behavioral response following stimulus exposure.
Classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus eliciting a response due to its association with an unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned responses are reflexive and do not require prior learning.
Unconditioned stimuli elicit responses without any prior conditioning.
Conditioned stimuli only elicit responses after learning has occurred, unlike unconditioned stimuli.
Conditioned responses are learned reactions to conditioned stimuli.

Classical Conditioning Processes

Acquisition refers to the gradual association formation between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
Extinction weakens the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous recovery occurs when a previously extinguished response reappears after the conditioned stimulus is presented again.
Stimulus generalization is when similar stimuli evoke similar conditioned responses, while stimulus discrimination involves differentiating between stimuli linked to different unconditioned stimuli.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is determined by the consequences of an action influencing future behavior.
The Law of Effect posits that behaviors leading to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, whereas those leading to annoyance are less likely to recur.
Reinforcers increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated after following a response.
Shaping gradually reinforces behaviors that become increasingly similar to the desired outcome.

Reinforcement and Punishment

Positive reinforcement involves administering a stimulus to increase behavior probability.
Negative reinforcement entails removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior likelihood.
Continuous reinforcement provides reinforcement after every instance of the behavior.
Partial reinforcement offers reinforcement intermittently, leading to greater persistence in behavior compared to continuous reinforcement.
Positive punishment involves administering a stimulus to reduce behavior recurrence.
Negative punishment consists of removing a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

Behavior Modification and Learning Types

Behavior modification uses operant conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and promote desirable ones.
A cognitive map is a mental representation of spatial environments.
Latent learning occurs without reinforcement and may not be immediately evident.
Modeling is the imitation of behavior observed in others.
Vicarious learning allows individuals to learn consequences through observing rewards or punishments faced by others.
Mirror neurons activate when observing an action and when performing a similar action, supporting learning through observation.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from Psychology Chapter 6, focusing on different types of learning. This quiz features essential terms such as nonassociative learning and observational learning, helping reinforce your understanding of behavioral changes resulting from experience.