Questions and Answers
What is learning?
A relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience.
What is nonassociative learning?
Responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus, or event.
What is associative learning?
Linking two stimuli, or events, that occur together.
What is observational learning?
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What is habituation?
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What is sensitization?
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What is classical conditioning?
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What is an unconditioned response?
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What is an unconditioned stimulus?
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What is a conditioned stimulus?
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What is a conditioned response?
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What is acquisition?
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What is extinction?
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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What is stimulus generalization?
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What is stimulus discrimination?
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What is operant conditioning?
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What is the law of effect?
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What is a reinforcer?
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What is shaping?
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What is positive reinforcement?
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What is negative reinforcement?
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What is continuous reinforcement?
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What is partial reinforcement?
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What is partial-reinforcement extinction?
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What is positive punishment?
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What is negative punishment?
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What is behavior modification?
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What is a cognitive map?
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What is latent learning?
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What is modeling?
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What is vicarious learning?
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What are mirror neurons?
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Study Notes
Learning Concepts
- Learning is defined as a relatively enduring change in behavior due to experience.
- Nonassociative learning involves responding to a single stimulus after repeated exposure.
- Associative learning is characterized by linking two stimuli or events occurring together.
- Observational learning enables the acquisition or modification of behavior by observing others.
Specific Types of Learning
- Habituation results in decreased behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.
- Sensitization leads to an increased behavioral response following stimulus exposure.
- Classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus eliciting a response due to its association with an unconditioned stimulus.
- Unconditioned responses are reflexive and do not require prior learning.
- Unconditioned stimuli elicit responses without any prior conditioning.
- Conditioned stimuli only elicit responses after learning has occurred, unlike unconditioned stimuli.
- Conditioned responses are learned reactions to conditioned stimuli.
Classical Conditioning Processes
- Acquisition refers to the gradual association formation between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
- Extinction weakens the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
- Spontaneous recovery occurs when a previously extinguished response reappears after the conditioned stimulus is presented again.
- Stimulus generalization is when similar stimuli evoke similar conditioned responses, while stimulus discrimination involves differentiating between stimuli linked to different unconditioned stimuli.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning is determined by the consequences of an action influencing future behavior.
- The Law of Effect posits that behaviors leading to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, whereas those leading to annoyance are less likely to recur.
- Reinforcers increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated after following a response.
- Shaping gradually reinforces behaviors that become increasingly similar to the desired outcome.
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Positive reinforcement involves administering a stimulus to increase behavior probability.
- Negative reinforcement entails removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior likelihood.
- Continuous reinforcement provides reinforcement after every instance of the behavior.
- Partial reinforcement offers reinforcement intermittently, leading to greater persistence in behavior compared to continuous reinforcement.
- Positive punishment involves administering a stimulus to reduce behavior recurrence.
- Negative punishment consists of removing a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring.
Behavior Modification and Learning Types
- Behavior modification uses operant conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and promote desirable ones.
- A cognitive map is a mental representation of spatial environments.
- Latent learning occurs without reinforcement and may not be immediately evident.
- Modeling is the imitation of behavior observed in others.
- Vicarious learning allows individuals to learn consequences through observing rewards or punishments faced by others.
- Mirror neurons activate when observing an action and when performing a similar action, supporting learning through observation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from Psychology Chapter 6, focusing on different types of learning. This quiz features essential terms such as nonassociative learning and observational learning, helping reinforce your understanding of behavioral changes resulting from experience.