Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is conceptually driven processing?
What is conceptually driven processing?
Processing driven by knowledge, expectations, and goals.
What type of processing is driven by knowledge, expectations, and goals?
What type of processing is driven by knowledge, expectations, and goals?
- Data driven processing
- Conceptually driven processing (correct)
Which type of processing has more influence in explicit memory and no influence in implicit memory?
Which type of processing has more influence in explicit memory and no influence in implicit memory?
- Conceptually driven processing (correct)
- Data driven processing
Seeing a cloud in the sky as a cloud is an example of ______________ processing, but seeing shapes in the clouds is an example of ______________ processing.
Seeing a cloud in the sky as a cloud is an example of ______________ processing, but seeing shapes in the clouds is an example of ______________ processing.
Explain the Nissen and Bullemer study and its relation to implicit memory.
Explain the Nissen and Bullemer study and its relation to implicit memory.
Which group performed faster in the Nissen and Bullemer study?
Which group performed faster in the Nissen and Bullemer study?
What type of memory was studied in Nissen and Bullemer's research?
What type of memory was studied in Nissen and Bullemer's research?
What is the type of sequence learning in which people are exposed to sequences that conform to or do not conform to a pre-specified generation plan?
What is the type of sequence learning in which people are exposed to sequences that conform to or do not conform to a pre-specified generation plan?
Give an example of artificial grammars.
Give an example of artificial grammars.
Nondeclarative memories are often spared in amnesia.
Nondeclarative memories are often spared in amnesia.
Match the following using the classical Pavlovian example of conditioning:
Match the following using the classical Pavlovian example of conditioning:
During learning, the _________ is presented prior to the ____ in a reliable and consistent way.
During learning, the _________ is presented prior to the ____ in a reliable and consistent way.
A person may have a negative public speaking experience; the anxiety experienced prior to public speaking is ____________ conditioned.
A person may have a negative public speaking experience; the anxiety experienced prior to public speaking is ____________ conditioned.
Which of the following paradigms elicits learning?
Which of the following paradigms elicits learning?
The following expresses which type of association in classical conditioning? The CS and the US directly cause the CR and the UR to occur.
The following expresses which type of association in classical conditioning? The CS and the US directly cause the CR and the UR to occur.
What type of association in classical conditioning relates to a stimulus reminding you of another stimulus?
What type of association in classical conditioning relates to a stimulus reminding you of another stimulus?
Which type of association in classical conditioning occurs more frequently?
Which type of association in classical conditioning occurs more frequently?
Learning occurs when an NS and a US occur near each other in time. Timing is important, but what is the critical factor?
Learning occurs when an NS and a US occur near each other in time. Timing is important, but what is the critical factor?
Sensitivity to underlying causal structure involves what type of learning?
Sensitivity to underlying causal structure involves what type of learning?
What is important in classical conditioning is not ________ but ____________.
What is important in classical conditioning is not ________ but ____________.
Explain the initial learning concept in classical conditioning.
Explain the initial learning concept in classical conditioning.
In terms of classical conditioning, _____ occurs when the association weakens in the absence of any US.
In terms of classical conditioning, _____ occurs when the association weakens in the absence of any US.
Give an example of extinction in classical conditioning.
Give an example of extinction in classical conditioning.
Classical conditioning follows a learning curve.
Classical conditioning follows a learning curve.
What occurs when the CS is presented again after a long delay?
What occurs when the CS is presented again after a long delay?
Savings is the principle that re-learning something again after it has been ______ takes less time.
Savings is the principle that re-learning something again after it has been ______ takes less time.
Explain the mere exposure effect.
Explain the mere exposure effect.
The mere exposure effect will work as long as the experience __________.
The mere exposure effect will work as long as the experience __________.
The mere exposure effect is not seen if conscious memory is not involved.
The mere exposure effect is not seen if conscious memory is not involved.
The mere exposure effect grows stronger with more exposures and the same contexts.
The mere exposure effect grows stronger with more exposures and the same contexts.
When does the mere exposure effect seem to decline?
When does the mere exposure effect seem to decline?
Explain James Cutting's example of the mere exposure effect in popular culture.
Explain James Cutting's example of the mere exposure effect in popular culture.
Preference judgments seen in the mere exposure effect are related to which area of the brain?
Preference judgments seen in the mere exposure effect are related to which area of the brain?
Explain Thorndike's law of effect.
Explain Thorndike's law of effect.
Give a common example of Thorndike's law of effect.
Give a common example of Thorndike's law of effect.
Thorndike's law of effect is an example of what type of conditioning?
Thorndike's law of effect is an example of what type of conditioning?
Causal involves _____________ determination, why?
Causal involves _____________ determination, why?
While some causal learning is ___________, other learning may be more inferential.
While some causal learning is ___________, other learning may be more inferential.
What can be said about causal learning?
What can be said about causal learning?
Memory for how to do things is known as?
Memory for how to do things is known as?
Procedural memory mainly involves what specific type of memory?
Procedural memory mainly involves what specific type of memory?
Skill acquisition, such as learning a language, involves what type of memory?
Skill acquisition, such as learning a language, involves what type of memory?
While motor memory is unconscious, it can be disrupted when?
While motor memory is unconscious, it can be disrupted when?
What best sums up the phenomenon of choking under pressure?
What best sums up the phenomenon of choking under pressure?
Explain the choking under pressure task with golf pros and novices; what happened in the first trial versus the second trial?
Explain the choking under pressure task with golf pros and novices; what happened in the first trial versus the second trial?
What is negative transfer?
What is negative transfer?
The amount of negative transfer depends on?
The amount of negative transfer depends on?
Molly is used to driving stick shift, so when she got into an automatic car she began to behave as if she were driving stick due to what phenomenon?
Molly is used to driving stick shift, so when she got into an automatic car she began to behave as if she were driving stick due to what phenomenon?
A fundamental form of nondeclarative memory is conditioning.
A fundamental form of nondeclarative memory is conditioning.
Knowledge of how to do things, such as throwing a ball, is part of _______ memory.
Knowledge of how to do things, such as throwing a ball, is part of _______ memory.
List the stages of skill acquisition.
List the stages of skill acquisition.
Match the following stages of stage theory of skill acquisition with their descriptions.
Match the following stages of stage theory of skill acquisition with their descriptions.
Jenna is a beginner at tennis; when she goes to hit the ball she thinks deliberately about what she's doing; she's probably in which stage of skill acquisition?
Jenna is a beginner at tennis; when she goes to hit the ball she thinks deliberately about what she's doing; she's probably in which stage of skill acquisition?
Megan is learning tennis; when she swings her racket, the movement is associated with a chunk of information; she is probably in which stage of skill acquisition?
Megan is learning tennis; when she swings her racket, the movement is associated with a chunk of information; she is probably in which stage of skill acquisition?
Georgia is a volleyball player; her movement when she spikes the ball requires no conscious thinking; she is probably in which stage of skill acquisition?
Georgia is a volleyball player; her movement when she spikes the ball requires no conscious thinking; she is probably in which stage of skill acquisition?
To become an expert at something requires about _______ hours.
To become an expert at something requires about _______ hours.
Joe is learning to read; he just became able to put letters together to make an entire word; he is probably in which stage of skill acquisition?
Joe is learning to read; he just became able to put letters together to make an entire word; he is probably in which stage of skill acquisition?
The idea that there are three stages does not mean a person is necessarily in one particular stage.
The idea that there are three stages does not mean a person is necessarily in one particular stage.
List and describe the three systems of Chien & Schneider's triarchic theory of skill acquisition.
List and describe the three systems of Chien & Schneider's triarchic theory of skill acquisition.
What is the difference between the stage theory of skill acquisition and Chien & Schneider's triarchic theory?
What is the difference between the stage theory of skill acquisition and Chien & Schneider's triarchic theory?
The metacognitive stage of Chien and Schneider's triarchic theory involves which area(s) of the brain?
The metacognitive stage of Chien and Schneider's triarchic theory involves which area(s) of the brain?
The cognitive control system of Chien and Schneider's triarchic theory involves all of the following areas of the brain except?
The cognitive control system of Chien and Schneider's triarchic theory involves all of the following areas of the brain except?
The representational system of Chien and Schneider's triarchic theory involves which areas of the brain?
The representational system of Chien and Schneider's triarchic theory involves which areas of the brain?
Monitoring pressure involves conflict between what types of processes?
Monitoring pressure involves conflict between what types of processes?
What may help relieve performance-based anxiety?
What may help relieve performance-based anxiety?
Choking under pressure involves?
Choking under pressure involves?
Describe the difference between monitoring pressure and outcome pressure.
Describe the difference between monitoring pressure and outcome pressure.
Outcome pressure: test-taking as monitoring pressure is to?
Outcome pressure: test-taking as monitoring pressure is to?
List three things that make someone an expert.
List three things that make someone an expert.
Implicit memory is any memory that does not require ____________.
Implicit memory is any memory that does not require ____________.
Déjà vu is an example of _______ memory.
Déjà vu is an example of _______ memory.
Adopting the 'Notre Dame accent' is an example of what type of memory?
Adopting the 'Notre Dame accent' is an example of what type of memory?
Ebbinghaus's description of savings is an example of what type of memory?
Ebbinghaus's description of savings is an example of what type of memory?
Procedural memory can be implicit.
Procedural memory can be implicit.
Incidental learning is dependent on _________ memory.
Incidental learning is dependent on _________ memory.
We can directly test for implicit memory.
We can directly test for implicit memory.
How can we test indirectly for implicit memory? Give an example.
How can we test indirectly for implicit memory? Give an example.
By activating one area of memory, we can activate others; for example, if I think of 'doctor,' I may think of 'nurse'. This is called?
By activating one area of memory, we can activate others; for example, if I think of 'doctor,' I may think of 'nurse'. This is called?
Kolers' inverted text test what type of memory?
Kolers' inverted text test what type of memory?
Priming is not limited to word lists; it may be seen in other ways such as exposure to particular scents.
Priming is not limited to word lists; it may be seen in other ways such as exposure to particular scents.
Implicit memory task in which participants must use a given string of letters and indicate whether or not it is a word?
Implicit memory task in which participants must use a given string of letters and indicate whether or not it is a word?
What has been found as a result of verbal tests for implicit memory?
What has been found as a result of verbal tests for implicit memory?
Declarative memory is more robust and less likely to be forgotten.
Declarative memory is more robust and less likely to be forgotten.
Which of the following is not an example of a verbal test for implicit memory?
Which of the following is not an example of a verbal test for implicit memory?
Explicit memory response probability is more affected by retention interval.
Explicit memory response probability is more affected by retention interval.
It is difficult to observe incidental learning as it is happening.
It is difficult to observe incidental learning as it is happening.
People who remember more show a greater ________ alpha band change, whereas people who remember less show more desynchronization in the _________ alpha band.
People who remember more show a greater ________ alpha band change, whereas people who remember less show more desynchronization in the _________ alpha band.
The mere exposure effect can be considered a priming effect.
The mere exposure effect can be considered a priming effect.
Priming of an item that was encountered recently; for example, if you saw the word 'assassin' earlier, you recognize it faster and more accurately when you see it again later.
Priming of an item that was encountered recently; for example, if you saw the word 'assassin' earlier, you recognize it faster and more accurately when you see it again later.
Priming can involve an increase in neural activity.
Priming can involve an increase in neural activity.
Repetition priming is associated with decreased activity in the _________, whereas semantic priming is associated with decreased activity in the _______________.
Repetition priming is associated with decreased activity in the _________, whereas semantic priming is associated with decreased activity in the _______________.
Why does priming entail decreased neural activity?
Why does priming entail decreased neural activity?
Even with nonverbal tasks, perceptual identification is easier if one has been pre-exposed.
Even with nonverbal tasks, perceptual identification is easier if one has been pre-exposed.
Explain the word stem task / how it relates to implicit memory.
Explain the word stem task / how it relates to implicit memory.
Explain the word fragment task / how it relates to implicit memory.
Explain the word fragment task / how it relates to implicit memory.
Often lyrics are unclear, and you have to guess what a person is singing. However, if you read the lyrics, you can easily follow them the next time you hear the song. This is an example of ____________.
Often lyrics are unclear, and you have to guess what a person is singing. However, if you read the lyrics, you can easily follow them the next time you hear the song. This is an example of ____________.
Explain the possible versus impossible object test and its relation to priming.
Explain the possible versus impossible object test and its relation to priming.
Implicit memory seems to be driven by perceptual characteristics.
Implicit memory seems to be driven by perceptual characteristics.
Processing driven by the environment is called?
Processing driven by the environment is called?
Which has more influence in implicit memory?
Which has more influence in implicit memory?
Study Notes
Learning and Memory Overview
- Nondeclarative memories typically remain intact in individuals with amnesia.
- Classical conditioning categorizes items:
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US) - Meat
- Unconditioned Response (UR) - Salivation
- Neutral Stimulus (NS) - Bell (becomes Conditioned Stimulus - CS)
- Conditioned Response (CR) - Salivation in response to bell
- The Neutral Stimulus precedes the Unconditioned Stimulus to facilitate learning.
Fear Conditioning and Learning Paradigms
- Anxiety from negative experiences can lead to classical conditioning of phobias.
- Learning occurs through the sequence: NS -> US -> UR.
- Stimulus-response associations are direct, while stimulus-stimulus associations are based on memory trace.
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
- Extinction weakens the association without the US.
- Spontaneous recovery occurs when a previously extinguished response reemerges after a delay.
Mere Exposure Effect
- Familiarity increases preference; this effect is rooted in implicit memory.
- Experience needs to be positive for mere exposure to yield favorable outcomes.
- The effect can still occur without conscious awareness of prior exposure.
- Familiarity can decline after excessive exposure, such as overplayed songs.
Thorndike's Law of Effect
- Responses are reinforced or weakened based on their consequences.
- Common example: superstitions develop through reinforcement.
- Can be classified as both operant and instrumental conditioning.
Skill Acquisition and Procedural Memory
- Skill acquisition progresses through three stages: cognitive, associative, and autonomous.
- Mastery requires approximately 10,000 hours of practice.
- Overthinking during performance can disrupt motor memory and lead to "choking."
Negative Transfer
- Negative transfer occurs when prior knowledge interferes with learning new tasks.
- The extent of negative transfer is influenced by task similarity.
Implicit Memory and Testing
- Implicit memory does not require conscious awareness.
- Methods to assess implicit memory include priming, lexical decision tasks, and fragment completion.
Priming and Neural Activity
- Priming involves faster processing for previously encountered items, leading to decreased neural activity as memories become more accessible.
- Two types of priming: repetition (recently seen) and semantic (related concepts).
Processing Types
- Data-driven processing relies on observable stimuli; conceptually driven processing relies on expectations and previous knowledge.
- Implicit memory is more influenced by data-driven processing.
Nissen and Bullemer Study
- Studied sequence learning where repetitive patterns enhanced performance due to implicit memory formation.
- Consistent patterns led to faster reaction times compared to random sequences.
Summary of Implicit versus Explicit Memory
- Implicit memory is shaped by environmental interactions and is tested indirectly, while explicit memory relies heavily on conscious recall and is more vulnerable to forgetting.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on learning and memory concepts from Chapter 6. This quiz covers key terms, classical conditioning, and the relationship between different types of memories. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of essential psychological principles.
