Psychology Chapter 6 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

According to cognitive learning theorists, the reduction in errors indicated that the former group of rats:

Were able to observe and learn from the rats in the other group.

Had already participated in a similar experiment.

Were inherently smarter than the other rats in the experiment.

Had developed a cognitive map of the maze. (correct)

A(n) ________ is a mental representation of spatial locations and directions.

cognitive map

You have a kind of picture in your head of your hometown, a mental representation of its layout and the location of key landmarks, like rivers, buildings, freeways, and parks. This representation is called a(n) ________.

cognitive map

Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model, is known as:

Observational learning. Signup and view all the answers

Albert Bandura's perspective on learning is referred to as a(n) ________ approach to learning because of its reliance on observation of others.

social cognitive Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of learning is most appropriate for acquiring skills that cannot be learned by using trial-and-error methods without grave cost?

Observational learning. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true of observational learning?

Models who are rewarded for a behavior are more apt to be mimicked than are models who receive punishment. Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where Natasha, a 6-year-old girl, becomes interested in dogs after observing her neighbors playing with them, she exhibits:

Observational learning. Signup and view all the answers

Viewing violent media:

Lowers inhibitions against behaving aggressively. Signup and view all the answers

Exposure to media violence:

Predisposes people to view nonaggressive acts by others as aggressive. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of observational learning, the most likely scenario for Adrian, who witnessed a fight and suffered a minor injury, is that:

Adrian will commit violence. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best identifies the learning styles of Travis and Janet?

Travis has a relational learning style. Janet's learning style is analytical. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly pairs a learning style with one of its characteristics?

Relational style and perceiving information as part of the total picture. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of people with an analytical learning style?

They have a good memory for abstract ideas. Signup and view all the answers

Neal, an Asian-American student, would most likely:

Focus on detail. Signup and view all the answers

Those with an analytical learning style:

First analyze the various components underlying an object or situation. Signup and view all the answers

________ is a decline in the behavioral response following repeated exposure to the same stimulus.

Habituation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

Demoting an employee for poor job performance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of consequences is correctly matched with an example?

Positive punishment—Laurel's mother yells at her when Laurel takes $20 from her mom's purse Signup and view all the answers

Identify the type of consequence that is correctly matched with an example.

Negative reinforcement—Jeff puts up his umbrella when it starts to sprinkle so he won't get wet. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of punishment?

It is ineffective if an individual is able to leave the setting in which the punishment is being given. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following statements is true of reinforcement?

Behavior lasts longer after reinforcement stops when it is learned under a partial reinforcement schedule. Signup and view all the answers

You don't receive a smile or a 'thank you' each time you hold a door for the person behind you. Door-holding is reinforced on a(n) ________ reinforcement schedule.

partial Signup and view all the answers

Vending machine is to slot machine what reinforcement is to reinforcement.

continuous; intermittent Signup and view all the answers

A fixed-ratio schedule is a schedule...

by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following promotions exemplifies the use of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

A café offers its customers a punch card. Each time a patron purchases a beverage, a hole is punched; when ten holes are punched, the patron receives a free beverage. Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Arceneaux wants his students to take advantage of online practice quizzes on his course site. Which of the following is the most effective plan to increase the number of practice quizzes completed?

1 bonus point for every 2 online practice quizzes completed Signup and view all the answers

A variable-ratio schedule is a schedule...

by which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of responses rather than after a fixed number. Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Arceneaux has developed several alternative plans to increase the number of online practice quizzes his students complete. Which plan below is incorrectly matched with the related schedule?

1 bonus point awarded randomly, either for every 2 online quizzes taken or 2 bonus points for all those students who have taken the test within the first week—variable-interval Signup and view all the answers

Mandy has a habit of buying lottery tickets every day. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following reinforcement schedules do the lottery winnings illustrate?

A variable-ratio schedule Signup and view all the answers

The schedules of reinforcement that yield the highest response rates are...

Variable-ratio and fixed-ratio schedules. Signup and view all the answers

Typically, long pauses in responding are found in ________ schedules.

Fixed-interval Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true of variable-interval schedules?

Responding occurs at a steady rate. Signup and view all the answers

Emma is a video-game programmer. The award of five points follows the ________ of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio and fixed-interval schedules Signup and view all the answers

A privately funded program pays low-income parents $50 every two months for each child who attends school regularly during that period. This incentive illustrates a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-interval Signup and view all the answers

A fixed-interval schedule is a schedule...

that provides reinforcement for a response only if an unvarying time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low. Signup and view all the answers

Maggie works in a garment manufacturing company. For every three blouses she stitches, she is paid five dollars. Such a payment schedule is an example of a ________ of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio schedule Signup and view all the answers

Jamie plays an adventure video game in which a magic sword appears sometimes to help him score more points. The appearance of the sword illustrates a ________ of reinforcement.

Variable-interval schedule Signup and view all the answers

In stimulus control training, a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus.

True Signup and view all the answers

A theorist who studies operant conditioning would term signals as...

Discriminative stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

Behaving negatively toward all members of a racial group because one has had an unpleasant experience with one member of that group is an example of...

Stimulus generalization. Signup and view all the answers

Sheryl makes pleasant small talk and pays her boss a compliment before asking for a personal day because such a strategy was successful with a few of her previous bosses. This example most clearly illustrates...

Stimulus generalization. Signup and view all the answers

The process of teaching a complex behavior by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior is called...

Shaping. Signup and view all the answers

Mrs. Martin, a third-grade teacher, is instructing cursive writing. By reinforcing progressively better attempts at writing letters, Mrs. Martin is using...

Shaping. Signup and view all the answers

Identify a true statement about latent learning.

It does not require prior reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a similarity between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Stimulus generalization occurs in both. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of learning applies to involuntary behavior?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Simonelli is a practicing behavior analyst. What does she do?

She specializes in behavior modification techniques. Signup and view all the answers

________ is a technique for promoting the frequency of desirable conducts and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

Behavior modification Signup and view all the answers

When people start learning to drive a car, they already know the basic elements of driving from previous experience as passengers. It is likely that they have already noticed how the key is inserted into the ignition, the car is put in drive, and the gas pedal is pressed to make the car move forward. Acquiring knowledge of the basic elements of driving illustrates...

Latent learning. Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.

Cognitive learning theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true of psychologists working from the cognitive learning perspective?

They focus on the unseen mental processes that occur during learning. Signup and view all the answers

According to the cognitive learning theory,

people develop an expectation that they will receive a reinforcer after making a response. Signup and view all the answers

According to classical conditioning, learning...

is the unthinking, mechanical, and automatic acquisition of associations between stimuli and responses. Signup and view all the answers

Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided is known as ________ learning.

latent Signup and view all the answers

Every Saturday, Adam takes the bus to the farmer's market to buy fresh produce. One Sunday, the bus service is disrupted, and he decides to drive. Adam's knowledge of the route to the farmer's market demonstrates...

Latent learning. Signup and view all the answers

Recall Tolman and Honzik's latent learning experiments in which rats learned to run through a maze. What does this demonstrate?

Latent learning occurs without immediate reinforcement and can be revealed later. Signup and view all the answers

Psychologists use the term ________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.

learning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of learning explains phenomena such as crying at the sight of a bride walking down the aisle, fearing the dark, and falling in love?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

________ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

Pavlov Signup and view all the answers

________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

A ________ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

Neutral Signup and view all the answers

A ________ stimulus is a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.

Unconditioned Signup and view all the answers

In the context of classical conditioning, the pickle jar is a(n) and salami is a(n) .

Conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus, the CS, and the UCS?

Neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—knock on the door; UCS—cocaine Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus

Elicits a particular response without having been learned. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of unconditioned responses?

They occur naturally. Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's study, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was ; the neutral stimulus was ; and, finally, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was .

Meat; the bell; the bell Signup and view all the answers

Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus begins

Just before the unconditioned stimulus begins. Signup and view all the answers

Many people experience hunger pangs at the sight of McDonald's golden arches. In the context of classical conditioning, the golden arches are a(n) and the hunger pangs on seeing the arches are a(n) .

Conditioned stimulus; conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq. He suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Now, back home in a quiet California neighborhood, he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire. In the terminology of classical conditioning, these sounds are best thought of as ________ stimuli.

Conditioned Signup and view all the answers

In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following actions is most likely to produce extinction?

Ending the association between conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli Signup and view all the answers

In the context of classical conditioning, during extinction, a conditioned stimulus is

Presented by itself. Signup and view all the answers

Danny visited the zoo with his parents. A week later, his grandparents took him to the zoo when he asked them. For the next few days, he kept asking his parents to take him to the zoo again. About two weeks later, he stopped asking to be taken to the zoo. The given scenario exemplifies

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus are presented together during

Acquisition Signup and view all the answers

The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning is known as

Spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

Every time 5-year-old Peter picked up his toys, his mother gave him a penny. After some time, she stopped giving him pennies to pick up his toys. Over the next few weeks, Peter gradually stopped asking for pennies. Three months later, when Peter picked up his toys, he asked his mother for a penny. In the given scenario, Peter asking for a penny after a period of 3 months exemplifies

Spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

________ is a process in which, after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response.

Stimulus generalization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE of stimulus generalization?

The greater the similarity between two stimuli, the greater the likelihood of stimulus generalization. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies stimulus generalization?

Ethan does not eat any kind of mushroom, because as a child he ate a mushroom growing in his yard and fell sick. Signup and view all the answers

Ramona takes her 4-year-old daughter to a park. While her daughter plays in the sand pit, Ramona sits and chats with her friends. When she hears two girls fighting, she does not worry as she recognizes that it's not her daughter's voice. The given scenario illustrates

Stimulus discrimination Signup and view all the answers

June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener, which she has learned is used to open her food when her dinner is about to be served. The cat does not run when a blender is used, although it sounds similar. June's cat is demonstrating stimulus

Discrimination Signup and view all the answers

When Mathew was a child, he ate some red berries from his garden. He fell violently sick after eating them. Now, he refuses to eat any red-colored fruits. In the context of classical conditioning, the given scenario illustrates

Stimulus generalization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true of learned taste aversion?

It can occur even with a gap of up to 8 hours between exposure to the stimulus and the response. Signup and view all the answers

In what way does learned taste aversion not seem to follow the basic principles of classical conditioning?

Learned taste aversion can occur after only a single CS-UCR pairing. Signup and view all the answers

________ is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Operant conditioning most importantly involves forming associations between

Behavior and consequences. Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, an organism

Operates on its environment to produce a desirable result. Signup and view all the answers

The root of operant conditioning may be traced to ________'s early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages.

Thorndike Signup and view all the answers

"Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated." This is the law of

Effect. Signup and view all the answers

The most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was

Skinner. Signup and view all the answers

The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called

Reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true of primary reinforcers?

They work naturally, regardless of a person's previous experience. Signup and view all the answers

A ________ is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.

Reinforcer Signup and view all the answers

Reinforcers that satisfy a biological need are called ________ reinforcers.

Primary Signup and view all the answers

In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following is true of reinforcement?

The neurotransmitter dopamine plays a key role in the reinforcement of behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Caroline is playing in the snow in her yard. Her father calls her to come inside the house as it is getting late. Caroline does not want to go inside and ignores her father. After a while, she starts to feel cold and goes inside the house to keep warm. In the given scenario, the feeling of warmth is a

Primary reinforcer. Signup and view all the answers

Noah's mother gives him a dollar every Friday evening if he finishes his chores for the week without being reminded. He diligently finishes his chores every week, and he uses the money to buy candies over the weekend. In the given scenario, the weekly allowance acts as a(n)

Secondary reinforcer. Signup and view all the answers

The term reward is associated with

Positive reinforcement only. Signup and view all the answers

Cabe pulls a muscle in his leg. His doctor asks him to apply ice on the injury. Even though he does not like to apply cold packs, Cabe does it because he feels instant relief from the pain. In the given scenario, the relief from pain is a

Negative reinforcer. Signup and view all the answers

As part of a behavior modification program, Kendra and her partner each agree to praise the other if they complete their assigned household chores by the end of the day. Such praise is an example of

Positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

A(n) ________ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment, like getting paid to work, that specifically brings about an increase in a preceding response.

Positive Signup and view all the answers

A(n) ________ reinforcer refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, putting on a sweater when you're cold for example, which leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.

Negative Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Isonzo notices several students nodding in agreement as he lectures. Subsequently, his rhetoric becomes more confident and more passionate. The students have provided ________ reinforcement.

Positive Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true of negative reinforcement?

It involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies negative reinforcement?

Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound. Signup and view all the answers

________ weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus.

Positive punishment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies negative punishment?

Astrid tells her daughter she is grounded for misbehaving and cannot meet her friends for a week. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

Getting a speeding ticket Signup and view all the answers

Sheryl's parents have told her that she is 'grounded' and will not be allowed to watch any television for a week, because she is not completing her assignments on time. This is an example of

Negative punishment. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning and Conditioning

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.
Classical conditioning is a learning process where a neutral stimulus creates a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Ivan Pavlov is known for foundational studies in classical conditioning.
A neutral stimulus does not initially elicit the desired response, while an unconditioned stimulus naturally triggers a response without prior learning.

Classical Conditioning Concepts

In classical conditioning terminology, the pickle jar in Tim's scenario is a conditioned stimulus, while salami remains the unconditioned stimulus.
Cocaine acts as an unconditioned stimulus in Alexis' scenario, with the sound of the door knock serving as a neutral stimulus that becomes a conditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned responses are natural reactions to unconditioned stimuli, requiring no prior conditioning.

Classical Conditioning Processes

The unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiments was meat, with the bell serving as the neutral stimulus initially but later becoming the conditioned stimulus.
Extinction occurs when the association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli is broken, causing the conditioned response to diminish.
Spontaneous recovery can happen when an extinguished conditioned response reemerges after a rest period without new conditioning.

Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination

Stimulus generalization occurs when similar stimuli produce the same response, allowing individuals to respond to similar situations.
Examples of stimulus discrimination involve differentiating between similar stimuli, like a cat responding only to the sound of an electric can opener for food.
Learned taste aversion may develop after just one pairing of stimulus and response, even with a delay, unlike typical classical conditioning.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning focuses on the association between voluntary behavior and its consequences, strengthening or weakening responses based on outcomes.
The law of effect suggests that responses leading to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated.
Reinforcement serves to increase the likelihood of behavior being repeated, with positive reinforcement involving adding a pleasant stimulus and negative reinforcement involving removing an unpleasant one.

Types of Reinforcers

Primary reinforcers fulfill biological needs naturally, without prior learning.
Secondary reinforcers acquire their reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers.
Dopamine plays a significant role in the reinforcement of behaviors, enhancing the likelihood of their recurrence.

Punishment in Behavioral Modification

Positive punishment introduces an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior, while negative punishment removes a pleasant stimulus for the same purpose.
Negative reinforcement and punishment are often confused; the former increases behavior by removing negatives, whereas the latter aims to decrease undesirable actions.
Disadvantages of punishment include its potential ineffectiveness and the lack of opportunities for positive reinforcement.

Schedules of Reinforcement

Reinforcement can be based on fixed or variable schedules, impacting the frequency and strength of responses.
A fixed-ratio schedule leads to a steady response rate, while variable schedules often yield higher response rates and greater persistence in behavior.

Summary

Understanding the distinctions between classical and operant conditioning is crucial for grasping learning processes and behavior modification techniques.
Key concepts such as reinforcement, punishment, and stimulus generalization/discrimination play essential roles in how organisms learn and adapt their behaviors based on experiences.### Reinforcement Schedules
Continuous reinforcement is effective but may not produce long-lasting behavior changes compared to partial reinforcement.
Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that last longer after reinforcement ends.

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Fixed-ratio schedules provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses.
Example: A café punch card offers a free beverage after ten purchases.
This schedule often results in high response rates.

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Fixed-interval schedules provide reinforcement after a set period.
Results in long pauses in responding after the reinforcement is given.

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Variable-ratio schedules reinforce after an unpredictable number of responses.
This type of reinforcement typically leads to high and steady rates of response.
Example: Buying lottery tickets, where wins occur unpredictably.

Variable-Interval Schedule

Reinforcement occurs after varying amounts of time, promoting steady responding.
Example: Receiving points in a game at random times.

Stimulus Control Training

Involves reinforcing behaviors in the presence of specific stimuli, promoting discrimination in responses.

Discrimination and Generalization

Discrimination refers to responding differently to varying stimuli, while generalization involves responding similarly to different stimuli based on past experiences.

Shaping

A technique for teaching complex behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations toward the desired behavior.

Latent Learning

Learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement or visible behavior; can be demonstrated later when incentives are present.

Cognitive Maps

Mental representations of spatial relationships; used to navigate environments by recalling layout and locations.

Observational Learning

Learning through watching others; significantly influenced by the consequences models face for their behaviors.

Media and Aggression

Exposure to violent media can lower inhibitions against aggression, leading to increased likelihood of aggressive behavior in the future.

Behavior Modification

Techniques that promote desirable behaviors while reducing unwanted ones, applicable in various settings, including education and therapy.### Learning Styles
Travis has an analytical learning style, while Janet exhibits a relational learning style.
Analytical learners focus on components and details, whereas relational learners understand information as part of a larger context.

Characteristics of Learning Styles

Relational style is characterized by perceiving information as part of the total picture.
Analytical style students typically have strong memories for abstract ideas and verbally presented material.

Analytical Learning Style

Individuals with an analytical learning style prioritize analyzing various components of situations.
They tend to have a good memory for relevant, verbal information.

Learning Preferences

Neal, an Asian-American student, is most likely to focus on detail in his learning approach.

Definition

Habituation refers to the decline in behavioral response following repeated exposure to the same stimulus.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Psychology Chapter 6. Focus on key concepts related to learning and behavior changes brought about by experiences. Perfect for students preparing for exams in psychology.

Psychology Chapter 6 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

According to cognitive learning theorists, the reduction in errors indicated that the former group of rats:

A(n) ________ is a mental representation of spatial locations and directions.

You have a kind of picture in your head of your hometown, a mental representation of its layout and the location of key landmarks, like rivers, buildings, freeways, and parks. This representation is called a(n) ________.

Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model, is known as:

Albert Bandura's perspective on learning is referred to as a(n) ________ approach to learning because of its reliance on observation of others.

Which of the following types of learning is most appropriate for acquiring skills that cannot be learned by using trial-and-error methods without grave cost?

Which of the following statements is true of observational learning?

In a scenario where Natasha, a 6-year-old girl, becomes interested in dogs after observing her neighbors playing with them, she exhibits:

Viewing violent media:

Exposure to media violence:

In the context of observational learning, the most likely scenario for Adrian, who witnessed a fight and suffered a minor injury, is that:

Which of the following statements best identifies the learning styles of Travis and Janet?

Which of the following correctly pairs a learning style with one of its characteristics?

Which of the following is a characteristic of people with an analytical learning style?

Neal, an Asian-American student, would most likely:

Those with an analytical learning style:

________ is a decline in the behavioral response following repeated exposure to the same stimulus.

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

Which of the following types of consequences is correctly matched with an example?

Identify the type of consequence that is correctly matched with an example.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of punishment?

In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following statements is true of reinforcement?

You don't receive a smile or a 'thank you' each time you hold a door for the person behind you. Door-holding is reinforced on a(n) ________ reinforcement schedule.

Vending machine is to slot machine what ________ reinforcement is to ________ reinforcement.

A fixed-ratio schedule is a schedule...

Which of the following promotions exemplifies the use of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

Dr. Arceneaux wants his students to take advantage of online practice quizzes on his course site. Which of the following is the most effective plan to increase the number of practice quizzes completed?

A variable-ratio schedule is a schedule...

Dr. Arceneaux has developed several alternative plans to increase the number of online practice quizzes his students complete. Which plan below is incorrectly matched with the related schedule?

Mandy has a habit of buying lottery tickets every day. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following reinforcement schedules do the lottery winnings illustrate?

The schedules of reinforcement that yield the highest response rates are...

Typically, long pauses in responding are found in ________ schedules.

Which of the following statements is true of variable-interval schedules?

Emma is a video-game programmer. The award of five points follows the ________ of reinforcement.

A privately funded program pays low-income parents $50 every two months for each child who attends school regularly during that period. This incentive illustrates a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

A fixed-interval schedule is a schedule...

Maggie works in a garment manufacturing company. For every three blouses she stitches, she is paid five dollars. Such a payment schedule is an example of a ________ of reinforcement.

Jamie plays an adventure video game in which a magic sword appears sometimes to help him score more points. The appearance of the sword illustrates a ________ of reinforcement.

In stimulus control training, a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus.

A theorist who studies operant conditioning would term signals as...

Behaving negatively toward all members of a racial group because one has had an unpleasant experience with one member of that group is an example of...

Sheryl makes pleasant small talk and pays her boss a compliment before asking for a personal day because such a strategy was successful with a few of her previous bosses. This example most clearly illustrates...

The process of teaching a complex behavior by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior is called...

Mrs. Martin, a third-grade teacher, is instructing cursive writing. By reinforcing progressively better attempts at writing letters, Mrs. Martin is using...

Identify a true statement about latent learning.

Which of the following is a similarity between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Which of the following types of learning applies to involuntary behavior?

Dr. Simonelli is a practicing behavior analyst. What does she do?

________ is a technique for promoting the frequency of desirable conducts and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

The ________ is an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.

Which of the following statements is true of psychologists working from the cognitive learning perspective?

According to the cognitive learning theory,

According to classical conditioning, learning...

Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided is known as ________ learning.

Every Saturday, Adam takes the bus to the farmer's market to buy fresh produce. One Sunday, the bus service is disrupted, and he decides to drive. Adam's knowledge of the route to the farmer's market demonstrates...

Recall Tolman and Honzik's latent learning experiments in which rats learned to run through a maze. What does this demonstrate?

Psychologists use the term ________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.

Which of the following types of learning explains phenomena such as crying at the sight of a bride walking down the aisle, fearing the dark, and falling in love?

________ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

A ________ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

A ________ stimulus is a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.

In the context of classical conditioning, the pickle jar is a(n) ________ and salami is a(n) ________.

Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus, the CS, and the UCS?

In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following is true of unconditioned responses?

In Pavlov's study, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was ________; the neutral stimulus was ________; and, finally, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was ________.

Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus begins

Many people experience hunger pangs at the sight of McDonald's golden arches. In the context of classical conditioning, the golden arches are a(n) ________ and the hunger pangs on seeing the arches are a(n) ________.

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq. He suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Now, back home in a quiet California neighborhood, he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire. In the terminology of classical conditioning, these sounds are best thought of as ________ stimuli.

In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following actions is most likely to produce extinction?

In the context of classical conditioning, during extinction, a conditioned stimulus is

Danny visited the zoo with his parents. A week later, his grandparents took him to the zoo when he asked them. For the next few days, he kept asking his parents to take him to the zoo again. About two weeks later, he stopped asking to be taken to the zoo. The given scenario exemplifies

In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus are presented together during

The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning is known as

________ is a process in which, after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response.

Which of the following is TRUE of stimulus generalization?

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies stimulus generalization?

Vending machine is to slot machine what reinforcement is to reinforcement.

In the context of classical conditioning, the pickle jar is a(n) and salami is a(n) .

In Pavlov's study, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was ; the neutral stimulus was ; and, finally, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was .

Many people experience hunger pangs at the sight of McDonald's golden arches. In the context of classical conditioning, the golden arches are a(n) and the hunger pangs on seeing the arches are a(n) .