Podcast
Questions and Answers
A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes as a result of practice or experience is called _____.
A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes as a result of practice or experience is called _____.
learning
The learning of an association between an environmental stimulus and a behavioral response is known as _____
The learning of an association between an environmental stimulus and a behavioral response is known as _____
conditioning
_____ conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
_____ conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
Classical
In classical conditioning, Frank's wife was a(n) _____ stimulus ten days ago, and has now become a(n) _____ stimulus.
In classical conditioning, Frank's wife was a(n) _____ stimulus ten days ago, and has now become a(n) _____ stimulus.
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In Eli's example, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is _____.
In Eli's example, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is _____.
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Which of the following is an example of the use of classical conditioning in everyday life?
Which of the following is an example of the use of classical conditioning in everyday life?
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Wartime propaganda often depicts the enemy as ugly, cruel, and somewhat less than human. This type of propaganda creates _____ toward the enemy.
Wartime propaganda often depicts the enemy as ugly, cruel, and somewhat less than human. This type of propaganda creates _____ toward the enemy.
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Most phobias are explained by _____
Most phobias are explained by _____
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_____ is an exaggerated, irrational fear of an object or situation, which may sometimes be thought of as a(n) _____
_____ is an exaggerated, irrational fear of an object or situation, which may sometimes be thought of as a(n) _____
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A baby is bitten by a dog and then is afraid of all small animals. This is an example of _____.
A baby is bitten by a dog and then is afraid of all small animals. This is an example of _____.
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Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?
Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?
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Although Henrietta extinguished her fear of spiders several months ago, she suddenly gasped in horror when she saw an itsy-bitsy spider on her desk. This is an example of _____.
Although Henrietta extinguished her fear of spiders several months ago, she suddenly gasped in horror when she saw an itsy-bitsy spider on her desk. This is an example of _____.
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If you wanted to use higher-order conditioning to get Watson's Little Albert to fear Barbie dolls, you would show him a Barbie doll with _____.
If you wanted to use higher-order conditioning to get Watson's Little Albert to fear Barbie dolls, you would show him a Barbie doll with _____.
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An event that increases the probability that a response will be repeated is called _____.
An event that increases the probability that a response will be repeated is called _____.
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An event that decreases the likelihood that a response will be repeated is called _____.
An event that decreases the likelihood that a response will be repeated is called _____.
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Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched?
Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched?
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According to Skinner's principles of instrumental conditioning, reinforcement and punishment must come immediately _____ the response.
According to Skinner's principles of instrumental conditioning, reinforcement and punishment must come immediately _____ the response.
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Study Notes
Learning Principles
- Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes due to practice or experience.
- Conditioning refers to the process of learning associations between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses.
- Classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus becoming associated with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.
Classical Conditioning Concepts
- In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response, while a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus after association.
- Example: A person may feel anxious when approaching a partner after experiencing shocks while kissing due to prior conditioning.
Conditioned Stimulus Examples
- An example of a conditioned stimulus is a person associated with rewards; e.g., a child's mouth watering at the sight of their grandmother, who brings treats.
Everyday Applications of Conditioning
- Classical conditioning is utilized in various contexts, including advertising and treatment for addictions, often linking negative feelings with certain behaviors like drinking alcohol.
Phobias and Responses
- Most phobias are explained by classical conditioning; an exaggerated fear can develop from negative experiences associated with specific objects or situations.
- Stimulus generalization occurs when a fear of one stimulus also applies to similar stimuli, such as a baby fearing all small animals after a dog bite.
Stimulus Discrimination
- Stimulus discrimination is the ability to distinguish between different stimuli, a concept highlighted by individuals reacting only to specific triggers, like a color of a car.
Recovery from Conditioning
- Spontaneous recovery can occur after a fear has been extinguished, where a previously conditioned response unexpectedly re-emerges after a period.
Higher-Order Conditioning
- Higher-order conditioning involves using an already established conditioned stimulus to create a new conditioned response with a different stimulus.
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while punishment decreases it. Immediate consequences are critical for the effectiveness of both.
Key Figures in Conditioning
- B.F. Skinner is known for advancing the concept of reinforcement in operant conditioning, differentiating it from classical conditioning pioneered by Pavlov.
- Thorndike's work laid the foundation for understanding the relationship between behavior and outcomes, though he is not widely remembered for classical conditioning.
Conditioning Timeline
- The timing of reinforcement or punishment relative to a behavior is crucial for shaping future responses; immediate consequences are most effective.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in psychology with these flashcards from Chapter 6. Focus on learning definitions and associations critical for grasping behavioral changes. This quiz will help reinforce your knowledge through practice and recall.
