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Questions and Answers
What is the process that Giovanni used to teach Luna to heel?
What is the process that Giovanni used to teach Luna to heel?
negative reinforcement
In Han's shower experience, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is _____; the conditioned stimulus (CS) is _______; the unconditioned response (UR) is _____; and the conditioned response (CR) is _____.
In Han's shower experience, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is _____; the conditioned stimulus (CS) is _______; the unconditioned response (UR) is _____; and the conditioned response (CR) is _____.
hot water; the toilet flushing; feeling pain; feeling afraid
What behavior pattern can we expect from Doris, who is on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?
What behavior pattern can we expect from Doris, who is on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?
She would likely be more productive than someone paid by the hour.
What is the difference between negative reinforcement and negative punishment?
What is the difference between negative reinforcement and negative punishment?
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What is Michael most likely experiencing when he feels bothered by the itchy tag on his shirt?
What is Michael most likely experiencing when he feels bothered by the itchy tag on his shirt?
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What do negative reinforcement and negative punishment have in common?
What do negative reinforcement and negative punishment have in common?
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What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
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According to classical conditioning, what do phobias develop from?
According to classical conditioning, what do phobias develop from?
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What occurs during operant conditioning compared to classical conditioning?
What occurs during operant conditioning compared to classical conditioning?
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What effect does Jill's loud song have on Brenda's usage of Jill's stuff?
What effect does Jill's loud song have on Brenda's usage of Jill's stuff?
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In terms of classical conditioning, balloons are the ______________ and Cindy's fear is the______________.
In terms of classical conditioning, balloons are the ______________ and Cindy's fear is the______________.
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What does the Rescorla-Wagner model focus on regarding cues?
What does the Rescorla-Wagner model focus on regarding cues?
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What factor affects both Tolman's and Bandura's research findings?
What factor affects both Tolman's and Bandura's research findings?
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What type of punishment are Fred's parents using by taking away his phone?
What type of punishment are Fred's parents using by taking away his phone?
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What type of generalization is Han experiencing when he becomes afraid upon hearing water running?
What type of generalization is Han experiencing when he becomes afraid upon hearing water running?
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What effect has been noted from dopamine studies in learning processes?
What effect has been noted from dopamine studies in learning processes?
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After the 15th of the month, Alicia receives her paycheck on a __________ schedule.
After the 15th of the month, Alicia receives her paycheck on a __________ schedule.
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‘Aha’ moments, which occur without reinforcement, are a form of ______________ learning.
‘Aha’ moments, which occur without reinforcement, are a form of ______________ learning.
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What motivates Lisa to praise her students in class?
What motivates Lisa to praise her students in class?
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Carl Paladino's campaign attempt is an example of using ___________ to influence voting.
Carl Paladino's campaign attempt is an example of using ___________ to influence voting.
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How does operant conditioning differ from vicarious learning?
How does operant conditioning differ from vicarious learning?
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What type of reinforcement should John use for enduring behaviors in his pet training?
What type of reinforcement should John use for enduring behaviors in his pet training?
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What is the proper order of events in classical conditioning?
What is the proper order of events in classical conditioning?
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When shaping a crow, it is important to reinforce ________.
When shaping a crow, it is important to reinforce ________.
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In mailing trash-scented flyers, the candidate is using ___________ to discourage voters.
In mailing trash-scented flyers, the candidate is using ___________ to discourage voters.
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What is an example of habituation?
What is an example of habituation?
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What does shaping involve?
What does shaping involve?
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What can we expect from the rat given a drug blocking dopamine activity during a learning task?
What can we expect from the rat given a drug blocking dopamine activity during a learning task?
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What does the occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggest about extinction in learning?
What does the occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggest about extinction in learning?
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After getting sunburned, Stanley applies sunscreen to avoid the same painful reaction. This behavior is acquired by way of ______________.
After getting sunburned, Stanley applies sunscreen to avoid the same painful reaction. This behavior is acquired by way of ______________.
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In Han's classical conditioning experience, he is attempting to perform on himself a learning procedure called ________.
In Han's classical conditioning experience, he is attempting to perform on himself a learning procedure called ________.
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Timmy is being reinforced on a __________ schedule by opening cereal boxes.
Timmy is being reinforced on a __________ schedule by opening cereal boxes.
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What type of behavior does biological preparedness explain in Dion's encounter with the snake?
What type of behavior does biological preparedness explain in Dion's encounter with the snake?
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Learning the consequences of an action by observing another person is called ________ learning.
Learning the consequences of an action by observing another person is called ________ learning.
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During a parent-and-infant class, the infant is engaging in ______________.
During a parent-and-infant class, the infant is engaging in ______________.
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How does Maurice's cramming before the next test likely affect his study habits?
How does Maurice's cramming before the next test likely affect his study habits?
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What biological reaction might explain the spectators' empathy towards the athlete's fall during the Olympics?
What biological reaction might explain the spectators' empathy towards the athlete's fall during the Olympics?
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How does Erica's reaction to the police siren demonstrate non-associative learning?
How does Erica's reaction to the police siren demonstrate non-associative learning?
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Your younger daughter acts as a ______________ when she attempts to mow the lawn after watching her older sister.
Your younger daughter acts as a ______________ when she attempts to mow the lawn after watching her older sister.
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How is Pavlov's belief connected to the ability to predict environmental stimuli?
How is Pavlov's belief connected to the ability to predict environmental stimuli?
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Why might Robert's behavior differ from Jack's in terms of returning home on time?
Why might Robert's behavior differ from Jack's in terms of returning home on time?
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What does the Premack principle state?
What does the Premack principle state?
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What is Libby likely experiencing when she forgets about the pencil behind her ear?
What is Libby likely experiencing when she forgets about the pencil behind her ear?
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What does Ibrahim's bird phobia exemplify?
What does Ibrahim's bird phobia exemplify?
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The air puff that caused Bill to blink is a(n) , and the blink itself is a(n).
The air puff that caused Bill to blink is a(n) , and the blink itself is a(n).
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Study Notes
Conditioning and Reinforcement
- Giovanni uses negative reinforcement on his dog Luna by loosening the choke chain when she heels, increasing her compliant behavior.
- Han develops a fear of the toilet flushing due to classical conditioning, where the unconditioned stimulus (US) is hot water, causing pain, and the conditioned stimulus (CS) is the toilet flushing, leading to a conditioned response (CR) of fear.
- Doris experiences increased productivity under a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule, earning $10 for each toy assembled rather than hourly wages.
- Negative reinforcement removes an undesirable condition to increase a behavior, while negative punishment involves taking away a desired stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Sensitization and Learning Types
- Sensitization occurs when Michael continuously feels bothered by an itchy tag on his shirt despite scratching.
- Both negative reinforcement and punishment influence behavior by removing or applying stimuli, respectively.
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning
- Classical conditioning involves learning associations between two events; operant conditioning teaches behaviors through consequences.
- Phobias are often acquired through generalization in classical conditioning.
- Classical conditioning leads to automatic responses, while operant conditioning requires active learning for rewards.
Learning Mechanisms
- Jill uses positive punishment to discourage her roommate Brenda from using her belongings by playing a loud song she dislikes when it happens.
- In classical conditioning, balloons become a conditioned stimulus (CS) leading to a fearful conditioned response (CR) after a traumatic event.
- The Rescorla-Wagner model highlights prediction errors in CS and US associations.
Reward Systems and Learning
- Tolman and Bandura’s research indicates that rewards enhance performance but do not always affect learning.
- Fred suffers negative punishment when his parents take away his phone to decrease his texting behavior.
- A spontaneous recovery shows that extinction only inhibits learned associations without fully erasing them.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Alicia receives her paycheck on a fixed interval schedule, correlating regular payment intervals with positive reinforcement.
- Timmy is on a variable ratio schedule, as he continues to open cereal boxes for the chance of finding a toy.
- The partial-reinforcement extinction effect suggests that using continuous reinforcement initially, followed by partial reinforcement, helps maintain desired behaviors.
Learning through Observation
- Vicarious learning occurs when learners observe and mimic others, while shaping reinforces successive approximations toward a specific behavior.
- Mirror neurons are believed to be involved in empathy, as spectators feel pain when observing an athlete’s fall.
- Children often imitate parents’ behaviors, as demonstrated in observational learning principles.
Biological Bases and Adaptation
- Biological preparedness can explain instinctive reactions, like Dion’s immediate response to seeing a snake.
- Conditioning adapts behavior based on experiences that predict pleasure or pain, in line with Pavlov's principles.
Classical Conditioning Examples
- Ibrahim's bird phobia illustrates stimulus generalization, as his fear extends from the parrot to all birds.
- In classical conditioning, a puff of air serves as an unconditioned stimulus (US), leading to an unconditioned response (UR) of blinking.
Other Conditioning Principles
- The Premack principle states that preferred activities can reinforce less enjoyable ones, facilitating behavior modification.
- Habituation occurs when repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to decreased response, as seen with Libby and her pencil.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your understanding of key concepts from Psychology Chapter 6 with these flashcards. Dive into principles like negative reinforcement and how they apply in real-world scenarios. Perfect for revision or strengthening your grasp of behavioral psychology.
