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Psychology Chapter 6 Flashcards
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Psychology Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the process that Giovanni used to teach Luna to heel?

negative reinforcement

In Han's shower experience, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is _____; the conditioned stimulus (CS) is _______; the unconditioned response (UR) is _____; and the conditioned response (CR) is _____.

hot water; the toilet flushing; feeling pain; feeling afraid

What behavior pattern can we expect from Doris, who is on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?

She would likely be more productive than someone paid by the hour.

What is the difference between negative reinforcement and negative punishment?

<p>Negative punishment involves taking away something the learner wants, while negative reinforcement entails removing an undesired condition after the desired behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Michael most likely experiencing when he feels bothered by the itchy tag on his shirt?

<p>sensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do negative reinforcement and negative punishment have in common?

<p>generalization of a fear experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

<p>Classical conditioning requires learning that two events are related, while operant conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to classical conditioning, what do phobias develop from?

<p>generalization of a fear experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during operant conditioning compared to classical conditioning?

<p>Operant conditioning trains the learner to do something in order to receive a reward, whereas classical conditioning trains the learner without active choice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Jill's loud song have on Brenda's usage of Jill's stuff?

<p>positive punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of classical conditioning, balloons are the ______________ and Cindy's fear is the______________.

<p>CS; CR</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Rescorla-Wagner model focus on regarding cues?

<p>prediction error between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor affects both Tolman's and Bandura's research findings?

<p>performance more than learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of punishment are Fred's parents using by taking away his phone?

<p>negative punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of generalization is Han experiencing when he becomes afraid upon hearing water running?

<p>stimulus generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect has been noted from dopamine studies in learning processes?

<p>liking and wanting are distinct processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the 15th of the month, Alicia receives her paycheck on a __________ schedule.

<p>fixed interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

‘Aha’ moments, which occur without reinforcement, are a form of ______________ learning.

<p>insight</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivates Lisa to praise her students in class?

<p>positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carl Paladino's campaign attempt is an example of using ___________ to influence voting.

<p>classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does operant conditioning differ from vicarious learning?

<p>In vicarious learning, a learner learns from watching others, while in operant conditioning, a learner receives a reward for a desired behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement should John use for enduring behaviors in his pet training?

<p>first continuous, then partial</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proper order of events in classical conditioning?

<p>conditioned stimulus presentation → unconditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned response → after many trials, the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

When shaping a crow, it is important to reinforce ________.

<p>successive approximations of the desired behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

In mailing trash-scented flyers, the candidate is using ___________ to discourage voters.

<p>classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of habituation?

<p>a smoker who does not react to the smell of smoke in his home</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does shaping involve?

<p>rewarding behaviors that increasingly resemble the desired behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can we expect from the rat given a drug blocking dopamine activity during a learning task?

<p>more difficulty learning the task than a normal rat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggest about extinction in learning?

<p>Extinction is a form of new learning that inhibits but does not erase the learned association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

After getting sunburned, Stanley applies sunscreen to avoid the same painful reaction. This behavior is acquired by way of ______________.

<p>negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Han's classical conditioning experience, he is attempting to perform on himself a learning procedure called ________.

<p>extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Timmy is being reinforced on a __________ schedule by opening cereal boxes.

<p>variable ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior does biological preparedness explain in Dion's encounter with the snake?

<p>preparedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Learning the consequences of an action by observing another person is called ________ learning.

<p>vicarious</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a parent-and-infant class, the infant is engaging in ______________.

<p>imitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Maurice's cramming before the next test likely affect his study habits?

<p>reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

What biological reaction might explain the spectators' empathy towards the athlete's fall during the Olympics?

<p>mirror neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Erica's reaction to the police siren demonstrate non-associative learning?

<p>She responds to the siren after only hearing it one time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Your younger daughter acts as a ______________ when she attempts to mow the lawn after watching her older sister.

<p>model</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Pavlov's belief connected to the ability to predict environmental stimuli?

<p>conditioning is how we adapt to our environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might Robert's behavior differ from Jack's in terms of returning home on time?

<p>Jack is receiving intermittent reinforcement, while Robert is receiving continuous reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Premack principle state?

<p>a favored activity can be used to reinforce a less favored activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Libby likely experiencing when she forgets about the pencil behind her ear?

<p>habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Ibrahim's bird phobia exemplify?

<p>stimulus generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

The air puff that caused Bill to blink is a(n) , and the blink itself is a(n).

<p>US; UR</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Conditioning and Reinforcement

  • Giovanni uses negative reinforcement on his dog Luna by loosening the choke chain when she heels, increasing her compliant behavior.
  • Han develops a fear of the toilet flushing due to classical conditioning, where the unconditioned stimulus (US) is hot water, causing pain, and the conditioned stimulus (CS) is the toilet flushing, leading to a conditioned response (CR) of fear.
  • Doris experiences increased productivity under a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule, earning $10 for each toy assembled rather than hourly wages.
  • Negative reinforcement removes an undesirable condition to increase a behavior, while negative punishment involves taking away a desired stimulus to decrease a behavior.

Sensitization and Learning Types

  • Sensitization occurs when Michael continuously feels bothered by an itchy tag on his shirt despite scratching.
  • Both negative reinforcement and punishment influence behavior by removing or applying stimuli, respectively.

Classical vs. Operant Conditioning

  • Classical conditioning involves learning associations between two events; operant conditioning teaches behaviors through consequences.
  • Phobias are often acquired through generalization in classical conditioning.
  • Classical conditioning leads to automatic responses, while operant conditioning requires active learning for rewards.

Learning Mechanisms

  • Jill uses positive punishment to discourage her roommate Brenda from using her belongings by playing a loud song she dislikes when it happens.
  • In classical conditioning, balloons become a conditioned stimulus (CS) leading to a fearful conditioned response (CR) after a traumatic event.
  • The Rescorla-Wagner model highlights prediction errors in CS and US associations.

Reward Systems and Learning

  • Tolman and Bandura’s research indicates that rewards enhance performance but do not always affect learning.
  • Fred suffers negative punishment when his parents take away his phone to decrease his texting behavior.
  • A spontaneous recovery shows that extinction only inhibits learned associations without fully erasing them.

Schedules of Reinforcement

  • Alicia receives her paycheck on a fixed interval schedule, correlating regular payment intervals with positive reinforcement.
  • Timmy is on a variable ratio schedule, as he continues to open cereal boxes for the chance of finding a toy.
  • The partial-reinforcement extinction effect suggests that using continuous reinforcement initially, followed by partial reinforcement, helps maintain desired behaviors.

Learning through Observation

  • Vicarious learning occurs when learners observe and mimic others, while shaping reinforces successive approximations toward a specific behavior.
  • Mirror neurons are believed to be involved in empathy, as spectators feel pain when observing an athlete’s fall.
  • Children often imitate parents’ behaviors, as demonstrated in observational learning principles.

Biological Bases and Adaptation

  • Biological preparedness can explain instinctive reactions, like Dion’s immediate response to seeing a snake.
  • Conditioning adapts behavior based on experiences that predict pleasure or pain, in line with Pavlov's principles.

Classical Conditioning Examples

  • Ibrahim's bird phobia illustrates stimulus generalization, as his fear extends from the parrot to all birds.
  • In classical conditioning, a puff of air serves as an unconditioned stimulus (US), leading to an unconditioned response (UR) of blinking.

Other Conditioning Principles

  • The Premack principle states that preferred activities can reinforce less enjoyable ones, facilitating behavior modification.
  • Habituation occurs when repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to decreased response, as seen with Libby and her pencil.

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Test your understanding of key concepts from Psychology Chapter 6 with these flashcards. Dive into principles like negative reinforcement and how they apply in real-world scenarios. Perfect for revision or strengthening your grasp of behavioral psychology.

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