PSYC 1001 Learning and Memory

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Questions and Answers

Which reinforcement schedule involves giving a reward after a specific number of responses?

Fixed Ratio (correct)

Variable Ratio

Fixed Interval

Variable Interval

What characterizes observational learning as opposed to direct learning?

Learning occurs only through physical experience.

Learning requires direct rewards for the observer.

Learning depends primarily on punishment received by the observer.

Learning can happen without any reinforcement for the observer. (correct)

What stage of vicarious learning involves remembering the aspects of modeled behavior?

Production

Retention (correct)

Reinforcement

Attention

Which type of reinforcement schedule is least effective in creating resistance to extinction?

Fixed Interval Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of negative reinforcement?

Taking painkillers to alleviate pain. Signup and view all the answers

Which schedule of reinforcement is most associated with gambling due to its unpredictable nature?

Variable Ratio Signup and view all the answers

In the context of observational learning, which of the following stages involves practicing the modeled behavior?

Production Signup and view all the answers

Which reinforcement schedule would likely result in the highest response rates due to its structure?

Variable Ratio Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily involved in Acoustic Encoding?

Associating sounds with meanings Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of Memory Retrieval?

The act of retrieving stored information from memory Signup and view all the answers

What type of interference occurs when prior learning hinders the recall of new information?

Proactive interference Signup and view all the answers

Which memory process involves recalling information learned earlier?

Recall Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of repression in memory processes?

Protecting the self-concept from anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What does state-dependent memory refer to?

Easier retrieval of information when in the same state as when learned Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of memory processing is characterized by holding a few items briefly?

Short-term Memory Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes retroactive interference?

New lyrics make it harder to remember old lyrics Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is exemplified by the 'already seen' cues triggering memory retrieval?

Deja Vu Signup and view all the answers

What kind of memory can be affected by motivated forgetting?

Painful or unacceptable memories Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding proactive interference?

It is characterized by old information interfering with new recall Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a measure of memory that indicates time saved when relearning?

Relearning Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of working memory?

Processing briefly stored information Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would motivated forgetting most likely occur?

Remembering details of a traumatic event Signup and view all the answers

What is specifically an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

A naturally occurring stimulus that triggers a response Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves a neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus?

Acquisition Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of procedural memory?

Riding a bike Signup and view all the answers

Which subtype of implicit memory is primarily involved in associating a specific sound with an event?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What process is responsible for unconscious encoding of incidental information?

Automatic processing Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the curve depicting the initial rapid forgetting followed by leveling off?

Forgetting curve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a cause of retrieval failure?

Interference Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory facilitates the ability to recognize a word based on previous exposure to a similar item?

Conceptual priming Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason we forget information according to the concept of encoding failure?

The information was never accurately stored Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following demonstrates a familiarity with time in implicit memory?

Knowing what page in a book you read Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Law of Effect?

The impact of reinforcement on behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement is focused on decreasing the likelihood of a behavior through a negative experience?

Punishment Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of observational learning do individuals engage in the practical application of the behavior they have observed?

Production Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Modal Model of the Mind, what is the role of sensory memory?

To temporarily hold information for processing Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for interference that happens when previously learned information affects the recall of newly learnt information?

Proactive interference Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory encompasses facts and knowledge that can be consciously accessed?

Declarative memory Signup and view all the answers

Which stage comes before the actual performance of a behavior in observational learning?

Attention Signup and view all the answers

Which process refers to the diminishing of a conditioned response in classical conditioning?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reinforcement and Schedules

Negative Reinforcement: Involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a desired behavior (e.g., fastening a seatbelt to stop beeping).
Continuous Reinforcement: Every occurrence of the desired response is reinforced.
Partial Reinforcement: Reinforcement occurs only some of the time, leading to slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction.
Fixed Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement given after a specific number of responses (e.g., reward for every 10th coffee purchase).
Variable Ratio Schedule: Reinforcement provided after an unpredictable number of responses (e.g., gambling); most effective and resistant to extinction.
Fixed Interval Schedule: Reinforcement given after a fixed period (e.g., paycheck).
Variable Interval Schedule: Reinforcement occurs at varied time intervals (e.g., likes on social media).

Observational Learning

Definition: Learning through observing another individual's behavior rather than through direct experience.
Vicarious Learning: Involves understanding consequences (rewards and punishments) of a model's behavior.

Stages of Vicarious Learning

Attention: The observer's focus on significant aspects of the modeled behavior.
Retention: The observer's ability to remember the modeled behavior.
Production: Practicing the behavior either physically or mentally.

Memory Processing

Encoding: Information is processed for storage, often by associating meanings and sounds with prior knowledge.
Acoustic Encoding: Focus on sound, particularly of words.
Visual Encoding: Focus on images and appearance of words.

Memory Storage and Retrieval

Storage: Retaining information in the brain.
Recall: Retrieving previously learned information (e.g., fill-in-the-blank tests).
Recognition: Identifying learned items (e.g., multiple-choice tests).
Relearning: Measuring time saved when learning material again.

Retrieval Cues

Déjà Vu: A sensation of having already experienced a current situation.
State-Dependent Memory: Easier recall of learned information when in the same state of mind as when it was learned.
Mood-Congruent Memory: Recalling experiences that match one's current mood.

Stages of Memory Processing

Sensory Memory: Initial recording of sensory information.
Short-Term Memory: Brief storage (e.g., remembering a phone number temporarily).
Working Memory: Focus on actively processing stored information.

Implicit Memory

Procedural Memory: Skills and procedures that become automatic through repetition.
Automatic Processing: Unconscious encoding of incidental information (e.g., space, time, frequency).
Types of Implicit Memory:
- Classical Conditioning: Learning through association (e.g., bell ringing signals lunchtime).
- Procedural Memory: Skills like riding a bike.
- Priming: Previous memories affect current memory retrieval.

Forgetting

Encoding Failure: Forgetting information not properly encoded.
Storage Decay: Rapid forgetting initially that slows over time.
Retrieval Failure: Inability to access stored information.
- Interference: New or old information interfering with retrieval.
  - Proactive Interference: Old information affecting new recall (e.g., old passwords).
  - Retroactive Interference: New information affecting old recall (e.g., new lyrics).
- Motivated Forgetting: Repressing unpleasant memories for self-protection.

Self-Study Recommendations

Reading relevant chapters enhances understanding and retention of course material.
Attempt to answer questions without referring back to notes to assess retention.

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Description

Explore the concepts of negative reinforcement and schedules of reinforcement in this quiz. Learn how different reinforcement strategies impact behavior acquisition and extinction. Test your knowledge on these foundational principles of psychology.