Psychology Chapter 5 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?

Controlling motor functions

Interpreting incoming visual information (correct)

Processing auditory information

Regulating emotions and social behavior

Which statement best describes the concept of monism?

Mental activity is separate from brain activity.

Only physical components affect mental activity.

Mental and brain activity are inseparable. (correct)

Brain activity can occur without mental activity.

What is one effect of antihistamines on the body?

Induction of drowsiness (correct)

Increase in alertness

Decrease in pain sensation

Enhancement of motor skills

Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning?

Frontal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What role do endorphins play in the body?

Decrease pain and increase pleasure Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the left frontal lobe from the right frontal lobe?

It is more dominant for language and analytical reasoning. Signup and view all the answers

How does the central nervous system (CNS) communicate with the rest of the body?

Via the peripheral nervous system (PNS) Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is essential for controlling fine movements?

Primary motor cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for recalling the first items in a list more effectively?

Primacy effect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about proactive interference?

It occurs when old materials hinder the recall of new ones. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is typical of unusual items in a list?

They are easier to remember. Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is primarily affected by damage to the hippocampus?

Long-term declarative memory Signup and view all the answers

Which mnemonic technique involves associating items with specific locations?

Method of loci Signup and view all the answers

What is retrograde amnesia characterized by?

Loss of memory for events before brain damage. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory does a patient with anterograde amnesia struggle to form?

New long-term memories Signup and view all the answers

What early symptom is commonly associated with Alzheimer’s Disease?

Mild memory loss Signup and view all the answers

Which concept suggests that individuals channel their emotions toward a less threatening target?

Displacement Signup and view all the answers

What does Carl Jung's concept of the collective unconscious refer to?

Inborn thoughts and images from ancestral experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Adler's notion of the inferiority complex?

A condition experienced by everyone indicating normality Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of humanistic psychology according to Carl Rogers?

To improve self-concept and ideal self Signup and view all the answers

In Adler's view, what is likely to improve mental health?

Enhancing social interest and cooperation Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the idea that people should accept others unconditionally, regardless of circumstances?

Unconditional positive regard Signup and view all the answers

How does Carl Jung view personality changes in adults compared to Freud?

Jung viewed adult personality as malleable over time Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in measuring personality traits?

Behavior is not entirely consistent Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the left hemisphere of the brain?

Processing language Signup and view all the answers

What role does the corpus callosum play in brain function?

It connects the left and right hemispheres. Signup and view all the answers

Which device is used to measure the brain's electrical activity?

Electroencephalograph (EEG) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the limbic system is primarily associated with processing memories related to fear?

Amygdala Signup and view all the answers

What does the autonomic nervous system primarily control?

Organs and involuntary functions Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating movement and balance?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the corpus callosum is damaged?

Both hemispheres cannot share information. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

Control hunger, thirst, and other motivated behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of mindfulness meditation?

Awareness of the sensations of the moment while remaining passive Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects has research suggested meditation can have?

Decreases pain Signup and view all the answers

What defines the déjà vu experience?

The feeling that an event is familiar but has not been experienced before Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's psychodynamic approach, which component of personality demands immediate gratification?

Id Signup and view all the answers

What role does the ego play in Freud's structural model of personality?

It governs and regulates personality by mediating between instincts and reality Signup and view all the answers

Which principle primarily governs the id?

Pleasure principle Signup and view all the answers

How does Freud describe the unconscious?

A chaotic store of illogical thoughts and emotions that influence behavior Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of personality does the superego represent?

Moral standards and prohibitions learned from others Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of extinction in classical conditioning?

Presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What does stimulus generalization refer to?

Responding to a new stimulus in a way similar to the originally reinforced stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement?

Reinforcement is given for the first response after a specific time interval Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

Reinforcement occurs after a variable number of correct responses Signup and view all the answers

What does social learning emphasize in the learning process?

Learning by observing others' behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes vicarious reinforcement?

Learning through the reinforcement observed in others Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of intermittent reinforcement?

Reinforcement is given occasionally and not consistently Signup and view all the answers

Which reinforcement schedule is exemplified by receiving reinforcement after two minutes and then again after seven seconds?

Variable-interval schedule Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nervous System Overview

Nervous system is the command center of the body, controlling movement, thoughts, and automatic responses.
Neurons are the cells of the nervous system; they receive and transmit information via electrochemical impulses.

Nervous System Cells

Cell body: Contains the nucleus of the neuron.
Dendrites: Widely branching structures that receive input from other neurons.
Axon: A single, long, thin fiber with branches near its tip; transmits information to other cells.
Myelin sheath: Insulating layer that speeds up transmission along the axon.

Action Potential

Transmission process in neurons involving electrical impulses.
Function of an axon: Conveys information over long distances (e.g., skin to spinal cord, spinal cord to muscle).
Action potential: An excitation traveling along the axon at a constant strength, irrespective of distance.
Nerve signals are action potentials that are generated and conducted by neurons to target tissues.
Example: Sending a message from the brain to the hand to pick up a glass of water.

How Action Potential Works

Prior to action potential, a neuron's inside is negatively charged, and the outside is positively charged.
The membrane has a resting potential—an electrical polarization across the membrane of the axon.
A sodium-potassium pump pushes sodium ions out of the axon and pulls potassium ions in.
Sodium ions are more concentrated outside the axon, and potassium ions are more concentrated inside.
During action potential, sodium gates on the axon's membrane open, letting sodium ions enter (carrying a positive charge).
The inward rush of positively charged sodium ions causes action potential.
This positive charge stimulates the next point along the axon, opening more sodium channels.
After action potential, sodium gates close and potassium gates open, allowing potassium ions to flow out of the axon.
This restores the inside of the cell to its negative resting potential.

Synapse

Specialized junction between neurons where information is passed from one neuron to the next.
Neurotransmitter: Chemical that activates receptors on other neurons (e.g., presynaptic cell).
Synapse is the junction of a presynaptic (message-sending) cell and a postsynaptic (message-receiving) cell.
Neurotransmitter can either excite or inhibit the next neuron.

Neurotransmitters

Dopamine: Controls movement, memory, and thinking; affected by antipsychotic drugs (reduction) and L-dopa (increase).
Serotonin: Influences motivated and emotional behaviors; affected by antidepressant drugs.
Norepinephrine: Controls movement, memory, and thinking; affected by antipsychotic drugs and L-dopa.
Histamine: Increases arousal and alertness; blocked by antihistamines.
Endorphins: Decrease pain and increase pleasure.

Brain & Behaviour

Monism: The idea that mental activity and brain activity are inseparable.

Nervous System Components

Central nervous system (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Nerves connecting the spinal cord with the rest of the body.

Brain Lobes

Occipital lobe: Located at the back of the head, responsible for interpreting incoming visual information.
Temporal lobe: Located near the side of the head, responsible for hearing and certain aspects of vision.
Frontal lobe: Located at the front of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions (e.g., decision-making, problem-solving, attention), and controls fine movements.
Prefrontal cortex (frontal lobe): Responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning.

Hemispheres and Connections

Left hemisphere: Specialized for language.
Right hemisphere: Important for understanding spatial relationships and interpreting emotional expressions.
Corpus callosum: A large set of nerve fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres, allowing information to be communicated between them.

Subcortical Areas

Thalamus: Involved in relaying information between the cortex and brain stem.
Limbic system: Consists of structures like the amygdala (processes emotions and memories associated with fear), the hippocampus (important for memory), and hypothalamus (regulates hunger, thirst, temperature, sex, and motivated behaviors).

Spinal Cord

Structure controlling muscles from the neck down; controls reflexes (e.g., knee-jerk reflex).

Autonomic Nervous System

Section of the nervous system controlling organs (heart, digestive system, etc.).
Sympathetic nervous system: Activates the "fight/flight" response during perceived threat.
Parasympathetic nervous system: Restores the body to a calm state.

Endocrine System

Made up of glands that secrete hormones to coordinate bodily functions.

How Genes Affect Behavior

Genes alter brain chemistry to affect behavior.
Multiplier effect: A small initial advantage in behavior, potentially genetic, can be amplified by environmental factors.

Sensation & Perception

Sensation: Conversion of energy into nervous system signals (e.g., light rays striking the eye).
Perception: Interpretation of sensed signals (e.g., recognizing a roommate).
Detection of light: Stimuli (energies from the environment) affect sensory organs (e.g., eyes). Receptors convert environmental energies into signals for the nervous system.
Structures of the eye: Pupil (adjustable opening), iris (colored), and retina (visual receptors).
Cornea & lens: Focus light on the retina.
Fovea: Central area of the retina with the highest density of receptors.

Visual Receptors (Retina)

Cones: Visual receptors adapted for color vision and daytime/detailed vision.
Rods: Visual receptors adapted for vision in dim light.

Theories of Color Vision

Trichromatic theory: Color vision depends on the relative response rate of three types of cones (sensitive to short, medium, and long wavelengths).
Retinex theory: Brightness contrast, where an object's apparent brightness is affected by comparison to surrounding objects.

Hearing & Sound Waves

Sound waves are vibrations that translate into electrical impulses by hair cells in the cochlea.
Gate theory: Pain messages pass through a gate in the spinal cord which can block the messages.
Endorphins: Chemical messenger that weakens pain sensations.

Gestalt Psychology

Emphasizes perception of overall patterns rather than component parts.

Principles of Gestalt Psychology

Proximity: Perceiving objects close together as a group.
Similarities: Perceiving similar objects as a group.
Closure: Perceiving incomplete figures as complete.
Good figure/good continuation: Perceiving simple, symmetrical figures.

Depth Perception

Perception of distance enabling us to experience the world in 3D.
Factors important for depth perception include retinal disparity and convergence.

Development in Infants & Childhood

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): Physical and mental impairments caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Dishabituation: Response to a change in stimulus.
Piaget's stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete-operational, Formal-operational (stages discussed in text, including egocentrism and object permanence).

Erik's Psychosocial Stages

Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy): Developing a sense of world safety.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years): Realizing independence in decision-making.
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years): Ability to try new things and handle failure.
Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years): Learning skills and working with others.
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Early teens): Seeking self-identity, life goals.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Late teens): Ability to care for others, experience strong relationships.
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle age): Contributing to younger people.
Integrity vs. Despair (Later life): Viewing life as satisfactory.

Attachment Theory

Strange Situation Test: Standardized procedure to observe attachment security in children within the context of caregiver relationships.
Attachment styles: Securely attached, anxious (or resistant), and avoidant.

Learning (Operant and Classical Conditioning)

Operant conditioning = changing behavior by providing a reinforcer after a response.
Reinforcement = increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Punishment = decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Reinforcement types: Positive (addition of something desirable) and Negative (removal of something undesirable).
Classical conditioning: Learning through association between stimuli.

Emphasizes learning by observing the behaviors of others.
Vicarious reinforcement/punishment: Learning by observing the consequences of others' actions (reinforcement/punishment).
Self-efficacy: Belief in one's ability to successfully perform a task (influences imitation).

Memory

Methods of testing memory: Free recall, cued recall, recognition, savings.
Explicit memory: Consciously recalled memories.
Implicit memory: Unconsciously influence behavior. Includes procedural memory (how to do things) and other forms of implicit memory.
Short-term memory: Temporary storage of recent events.
Long-term memory: Relatively permanent storage; includes short-term memory, sensory memory, semantic memory (general knowledge), and episodic memory (personal experiences).
Capacity of memory: Short-term memory has limited capacity; long-term memory has a vast capacity.
Decay of memory: Brain representations weaken over time.
Interference: Similar memories making it harder to recall.

Working Memory

System for dealing with current information involving flexible attention shifts.
Executive functioning: Cognitive processes that control attention.
Factors influencing encoding (e.g., emotional arousal, repetition).
Mnemonic devices: Aids to memory (e.g., method of loci).

Memory Impairments

Amnesia: Loss of memory (anterograde – new memories; retrograde – past memories).
Alzheimer's disease: Progressive brain disease causing memory loss.

Cognition and Learning

Attention: Focusing on specific stimuli.
Attention processes: Bottom-up (sensory input grabbing attention) and top-down (using experience and expectations)
Conceptual networks & Priming: Activation of one concept activating related concepts.
Thinking & problem-solving: Maximizing (finding the best choice) and satisficing (finding a satisfactory choice).
Near/Far transfer: Skills learned in one context can transfer to another (near: similar; far: different).

Consciousness

Subjective experience of self and surroundings.
Measuring brain activity: EEG, MEG, fMRI.
Ways of controlling consciousness (masking, flash suppression, binocular rivalry).
States of consciousness: Coma, vegetative state, minimally conscious state.
Circadian rhythms: Internal body clock regulating daily activity.
Sleep stages (NREM 1-3, REM).
Sleep disorders(Insomnia, Sleep Apnea, Narcolepsy)

Personality

Psychodynamic approach (Freud): Unconscious forces, conflicts, and childhood experiences.
Components of personality (Id, Ego, Superego).
Defense mechanisms (e.g., repression, denial, rationalization, displacement).
Jung's theory, collective unconscious, archetypes.
Adler's theory, social interest, inferiority complex.
Rogers' humanistic theory, self-concept, ideal self, unconditional positive regard.
Big five model of personality: Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts in psychology, focusing on brain functions, memory types, and cognitive processes. This quiz covers topics such as the roles of different brain lobes, the effects of neurotransmitters, and memory recall techniques. Perfect for psychology students wanting to reinforce their understanding of these essential concepts.