Psychology Chapter 5: Personality Assessment

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between formal and informal groups?

Formal groups are more cohesive, while informal groups are less cohesive.

Formal groups are leaderless, while informal groups have a leader.

Formal groups are more productive, while informal groups are less productive.

Formal groups are established by organizations, while informal groups emerge naturally. (correct)

What is the primary goal of problem-solving teams?

To solve complex problems (correct)

To enhance creativity

To make decisions

To increase productivity

Which leadership trait is most closely associated with charisma?

Intelligence

Extraversion

Conscientiousness

Personal charm (correct)

According to the Fiedler contingency model, what determines leader effectiveness?

Leader style and situational factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between transactional and transformational leadership?

Transactional leadership focuses on task completion, while transformational leadership focuses on change and innovation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using brainstorming and nominal group techniques?

To generate ideas and solve problems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of trustworthy leaders?

Integrity, honesty, and fairness Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between leadership and power?

Leadership focuses on influence, while power focuses on authority Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between terminal values and instrumental values?

Terminal values are desired outcomes, while instrumental values are means to achieve those outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

According to the MBTI framework, what do the four dimensions categorize?

Individuals into 16 personality types based on four dimensions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of Maslow's Hierarchy of motivation?

It has limitations in its application. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main levels of diversity according to the chapter?

Surface-level and deep-level diversity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between intellectual ability and physical ability?

Intellectual ability is related to processing information and solving problems, while physical ability is related to manual skills and coordination. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of observer ratings in assessing personality?

To provide a more accurate assessment of personality than self-report inventories. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main relationship between goal-setting theory and self-efficacy theory?

Setting challenging goals can enhance self-efficacy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main element of expectancy theory?

Motivation is based on beliefs about effort, performance, and outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Assessing Personality

Two common methods of assessing personality are self-report inventories and observer ratings, with observer ratings likely to be more accurate
The MBTI framework categorizes individuals into 16 personality types based on four dimensions
My personality type would be INFJ, indicating introversion, intuition, feeling, and judging
The Big Five personality traits are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience
Values are important in OB because they influence behavior, decision-making, and job satisfaction
Values have two attributes: intensity and centrality
Terminal values are desired outcomes, while instrumental values are means to achieve those outcomes

Diversity

The two main levels of diversity are surface-level (demographic) and deep-level (psychological and behavioral)
Stereotypes can lead to discrimination and misunderstandings in organizations
Biographical characteristics like age, gender, and education can impact behavior and performance
Intellectual ability is a person's capacity to process information and solve problems
Intellectual ability is distinct from physical ability, which refers to manual skills and coordination
Organizations can effectively manage diversity through training, inclusive policies, and diversity champions

Motivation

The three key elements of motivation are intensity, direction, and persistence
Maslow's Hierarchy is an early theory of motivation, still applicable today, but with limitations
Goal-setting theory and self-efficacy theory are related, as setting challenging goals can enhance self-efficacy
Expectancy theory states that motivation is based on beliefs about effort, performance, and outcomes

Groups and Teams

Formal groups are established by organizations, while informal groups emerge naturally
The punctuated-equilibrium model applies to teams, describing periods of stability and sudden changes
Group cohesiveness can be increased through shared goals, communication, and social activities
Status can come from formal positions, expertise, or personal characteristics
Brainstorming and nominal group techniques are methods for generating ideas, with brainstorming being more free-flowing
Teams can enhance creativity, productivity, and decision-making
A group becomes a team when members work interdependently towards a common goal
Four types of teams are problem-solving, creative, leadership, and virtual teams
Effective teams have clear goals, good communication, and a supportive climate
Managers can help individuals become team players by providing training and opportunities for collaboration

Leadership

Traits of effective leaders include intelligence, extraversion, and conscientiousness
The Ohio State leadership dimensions are consideration and initiating structure
Trait theories focus on leader characteristics, while behavioral theories focus on leader actions
The Fiedler contingency model states that leader effectiveness depends on the match between leader style and situational factors
Charismatic leadership involves inspiring and motivating others through vision and personal charm
Transformational leadership focuses on change and innovation, while transactional leadership focuses on task completion
Trustworthy leaders demonstrate integrity, honesty, and fairness
Leadership and power are distinct, with leadership focusing on influence and power focusing on authority
Formal power comes from position, while personal power comes from expertise or relationship

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Description

This quiz covers the methods of assessing personality, including self-report inventories and observer ratings, as well as the MBTI framework and the Big Five personality traits.