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Questions and Answers
What is the term for an implicit or unintended decrease in a response due to repeated stimulation?
What is the term for an implicit or unintended decrease in a response due to repeated stimulation?
- Associative Learning
- Habituation (correct)
- Counterconditioning
- Spontaneous Recovery
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the stimulus that does not elicit any response naturally?
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the stimulus that does not elicit any response naturally?
- Conditioned Stimulus
- Secondary Reinforcer
- Unconditioned Stimulus
- Neutral Stimulus (correct)
What is the term for the disappearance of the Conditioned Response due to the presence of the Conditioned Stimulus alone for an extended period of time without the Unconditioned Stimulus being presented?
What is the term for the disappearance of the Conditioned Response due to the presence of the Conditioned Stimulus alone for an extended period of time without the Unconditioned Stimulus being presented?
- Stimulus Generalization
- Acquisition
- Extinction (correct)
- Spontaneous Recovery
What is the term for responding to similar Conditioned Stimuli in the same way?
What is the term for responding to similar Conditioned Stimuli in the same way?
In operant learning, what is the term for the procedure for changing the relationship between Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response by changing the valuation of the Unconditioned Stimulus?
In operant learning, what is the term for the procedure for changing the relationship between Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response by changing the valuation of the Unconditioned Stimulus?
What is the term for any outcome of a behavior that changes the likelihood that the behavior will occur again?
What is the term for any outcome of a behavior that changes the likelihood that the behavior will occur again?
What is the term for the outcome that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again?
What is the term for the outcome that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again?
Which is not a phase of learning in classical conditioning?
Which is not a phase of learning in classical conditioning?
What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect related to?
What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect related to?
What is the term for any stimulus that naturally elicits a response?
What is the term for any stimulus that naturally elicits a response?
In operant learning, what is the term for the process of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior?
In operant learning, what is the term for the process of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior?
What is the term for the ability to adapt to and recover from changes and/or difficulties experienced, especially early in life?
What is the term for the ability to adapt to and recover from changes and/or difficulties experienced, especially early in life?
According to Piaget's theory, which stage of cognitive development is characterized by the acquisition of object permanence?
According to Piaget's theory, which stage of cognitive development is characterized by the acquisition of object permanence?
In Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, what process involves adults gradually reducing the level of help or guidance given to a child as they master a task?
In Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, what process involves adults gradually reducing the level of help or guidance given to a child as they master a task?
What type of attachment style is characterized by a child showing distress when separated from their caregiver, but is easily comforted upon their return?
What type of attachment style is characterized by a child showing distress when separated from their caregiver, but is easily comforted upon their return?
According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, what is responsible for skill development during certain developmental crises?
According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, what is responsible for skill development during certain developmental crises?
Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by an understanding of the world based on personal mental representations and illogical thinking?
Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by an understanding of the world based on personal mental representations and illogical thinking?
What term refers to making new information fit into existing understanding, as per Piaget's theory?
What term refers to making new information fit into existing understanding, as per Piaget's theory?
In cognitive development, what is the ability to think logically about abstract concepts and manipulate mental representations, according to Vygotsky's theory?
In cognitive development, what is the ability to think logically about abstract concepts and manipulate mental representations, according to Vygotsky's theory?
What is the term for the awareness/knowledge that objects continue to exist even when out of view, as per Piaget's theory?
What is the term for the awareness/knowledge that objects continue to exist even when out of view, as per Piaget's theory?
Which type of attachment involves a child showing little distress upon separation from their caregiver and avoiding them upon their return?
Which type of attachment involves a child showing little distress upon separation from their caregiver and avoiding them upon their return?
What type of reasoning involves consideration of possible outcomes given similar but not exact experiences, as per Vygotsky's theory?
What type of reasoning involves consideration of possible outcomes given similar but not exact experiences, as per Vygotsky's theory?
In cognitive development, what refers to adjusting one's current understanding to incorporate new information?
In cognitive development, what refers to adjusting one's current understanding to incorporate new information?
What term refers to the degree to which the environment can affect behavior depending on the genes present?
What term refers to the degree to which the environment can affect behavior depending on the genes present?
Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by illogical thinking and personal mental representations?
Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by illogical thinking and personal mental representations?
What type of attachment involves a child showing little distress upon separation from their caregiver and avoiding them upon their return?
What type of attachment involves a child showing little distress upon separation from their caregiver and avoiding them upon their return?
What term refers to making new information simply fit into your existing understanding, as per Piaget's theory?
What term refers to making new information simply fit into your existing understanding, as per Piaget's theory?
According to Vygotsky's theory, which type of reasoning involves consideration of possible outcomes given similar but not exact experiences?
According to Vygotsky's theory, which type of reasoning involves consideration of possible outcomes given similar but not exact experiences?
What is the term for the awareness/knowledge that objects continue to exist even when out of view, as per Piaget's theory?
What is the term for the awareness/knowledge that objects continue to exist even when out of view, as per Piaget's theory?
In Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development, what is responsible for skill development during certain developmental crises?
In Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development, what is responsible for skill development during certain developmental crises?
Which type of reasoning involves transitioning from physical to mental operations?
Which type of reasoning involves transitioning from physical to mental operations?
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Study Notes
Conditioning and Learning
- Habituation refers to an implicit or unintended decrease in a response due to repeated stimulation.
- In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is a stimulus that does not elicit any response naturally.
- Extinction is the disappearance of the Conditioned Response due to the presence of the Conditioned Stimulus alone for an extended period of time without the Unconditioned Stimulus being presented.
Operant Learning
- Reinforcement is the process of changing the relationship between Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response by changing the valuation of the Unconditioned Stimulus.
- A reinforcer is any outcome of a behavior that changes the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
- A punisher is the outcome that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again.
- Shaping is the process of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior.
Developmental Psychology
- Thorndike's Law of Effect is related to the concept that behaviors that are followed by a satisfying consequence will be strengthened, while those followed by an unsatisfying consequence will be weakened.
- Innate stimuli are stimuli that naturally elicit a response.
- According to Piaget's theory, object permanence is acquired during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.
- In Vygotsky's theory, scaffolding involves adults gradually reducing the level of help or guidance given to a child as they master a task.
- Secure attachment is characterized by a child showing distress when separated from their caregiver, but is easily comforted upon their return.
- Avoidant attachment involves a child showing little distress upon separation from their caregiver and avoiding them upon their return.
Cognitive Development
- According to Piaget's theory, assimilation is the process of making new information fit into existing understanding.
- Accommodation refers to adjusting one's current understanding to incorporate new information.
- Object permanence refers to the awareness/knowledge that objects continue to exist even when out of view.
- Formal operational thinking is the ability to think logically about abstract concepts and manipulate mental representations.
- Hypothetical-deductive reasoning involves considering possible outcomes given similar but not exact experiences.
- During the preoperational stage of cognitive development, children exhibit illogical thinking and personal mental representations.
Other Concepts
- Epigenetics refers to the degree to which the environment can affect behavior depending on the genes present.
- In Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development, initiative is responsible for skill development during certain developmental crises.
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