31 Questions
What is the term for an implicit or unintended decrease in a response due to repeated stimulation?
Habituation
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the stimulus that does not elicit any response naturally?
Neutral Stimulus
What is the term for the disappearance of the Conditioned Response due to the presence of the Conditioned Stimulus alone for an extended period of time without the Unconditioned Stimulus being presented?
Extinction
What is the term for responding to similar Conditioned Stimuli in the same way?
Stimulus Generalization
In operant learning, what is the term for the procedure for changing the relationship between Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response by changing the valuation of the Unconditioned Stimulus?
Counterconditioning
What is the term for any outcome of a behavior that changes the likelihood that the behavior will occur again?
Reinforcement
What is the term for the outcome that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again?
Positive Punishment
Which is not a phase of learning in classical conditioning?
Stimulus Generalization
What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect related to?
Operant Learning
What is the term for any stimulus that naturally elicits a response?
Unconditioned Stimulus
In operant learning, what is the term for the process of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior?
Shaping
What is the term for the ability to adapt to and recover from changes and/or difficulties experienced, especially early in life?
Resilience
According to Piaget's theory, which stage of cognitive development is characterized by the acquisition of object permanence?
Sensorimotor Stage
In Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, what process involves adults gradually reducing the level of help or guidance given to a child as they master a task?
Scaffolding
What type of attachment style is characterized by a child showing distress when separated from their caregiver, but is easily comforted upon their return?
Secure Attachment
According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, what is responsible for skill development during certain developmental crises?
Developmental Crises
Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by an understanding of the world based on personal mental representations and illogical thinking?
Preoperational Stage
What term refers to making new information fit into existing understanding, as per Piaget's theory?
Assimilation
In cognitive development, what is the ability to think logically about abstract concepts and manipulate mental representations, according to Vygotsky's theory?
Abstract (Hypothetical-Deductive) Reasoning
What is the term for the awareness/knowledge that objects continue to exist even when out of view, as per Piaget's theory?
Object Permanence
Which type of attachment involves a child showing little distress upon separation from their caregiver and avoiding them upon their return?
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
What type of reasoning involves consideration of possible outcomes given similar but not exact experiences, as per Vygotsky's theory?
Critical Thinking
In cognitive development, what refers to adjusting one's current understanding to incorporate new information?
Accommodation
What term refers to the degree to which the environment can affect behavior depending on the genes present?
Interaction
Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by illogical thinking and personal mental representations?
Preoperational Stage
What type of attachment involves a child showing little distress upon separation from their caregiver and avoiding them upon their return?
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
What term refers to making new information simply fit into your existing understanding, as per Piaget's theory?
Assimilation
According to Vygotsky's theory, which type of reasoning involves consideration of possible outcomes given similar but not exact experiences?
Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
What is the term for the awareness/knowledge that objects continue to exist even when out of view, as per Piaget's theory?
Object Permanence
In Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development, what is responsible for skill development during certain developmental crises?
Developmental Crises
Which type of reasoning involves transitioning from physical to mental operations?
Concrete Operational Reasoning
Study Notes
Conditioning and Learning
- Habituation refers to an implicit or unintended decrease in a response due to repeated stimulation.
- In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is a stimulus that does not elicit any response naturally.
- Extinction is the disappearance of the Conditioned Response due to the presence of the Conditioned Stimulus alone for an extended period of time without the Unconditioned Stimulus being presented.
Operant Learning
- Reinforcement is the process of changing the relationship between Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response by changing the valuation of the Unconditioned Stimulus.
- A reinforcer is any outcome of a behavior that changes the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
- A punisher is the outcome that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again.
- Shaping is the process of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior.
Developmental Psychology
- Thorndike's Law of Effect is related to the concept that behaviors that are followed by a satisfying consequence will be strengthened, while those followed by an unsatisfying consequence will be weakened.
- Innate stimuli are stimuli that naturally elicit a response.
- According to Piaget's theory, object permanence is acquired during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.
- In Vygotsky's theory, scaffolding involves adults gradually reducing the level of help or guidance given to a child as they master a task.
- Secure attachment is characterized by a child showing distress when separated from their caregiver, but is easily comforted upon their return.
- Avoidant attachment involves a child showing little distress upon separation from their caregiver and avoiding them upon their return.
Cognitive Development
- According to Piaget's theory, assimilation is the process of making new information fit into existing understanding.
- Accommodation refers to adjusting one's current understanding to incorporate new information.
- Object permanence refers to the awareness/knowledge that objects continue to exist even when out of view.
- Formal operational thinking is the ability to think logically about abstract concepts and manipulate mental representations.
- Hypothetical-deductive reasoning involves considering possible outcomes given similar but not exact experiences.
- During the preoperational stage of cognitive development, children exhibit illogical thinking and personal mental representations.
Other Concepts
- Epigenetics refers to the degree to which the environment can affect behavior depending on the genes present.
- In Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development, initiative is responsible for skill development during certain developmental crises.
Test your knowledge of learning and behavior concepts with this quiz covering topics such as habituation, associative learning, classical conditioning, and Pavlov's experiment. Explore the definition of learning, examples, and additional notes related to these psychological processes.
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