AP Psychology Learning Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is Learning?

A process unrelated to experience

A method of teaching without behavioral change

A random change in behavior

A process based on experience that results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavioral potential (correct)

What is Habituation?

A decrease in response to a stimulus after being repeatedly exposed to it.

What is Associative Learning?

Learning that certain events occur together.

Define Classical Conditioning.

A type of learning in which a behavior is elicited by a conditioned stimulus that has acquired its power through association. Signup and view all the answers

What is Behaviorism?

A scientific approach that limits the study of psychology to measurable or observable behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is an Unconditioned Response?

The response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior training. Signup and view all the answers

What is an Unconditioned Stimulus?

The stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Conditioned Response?

A response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus after conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

Define Conditioned Stimulus.

A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

What is Acquisition in classical conditioning?

The stage in which the conditioned response is first elicited by the conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is Higher Order Conditioning?

A form of learning where a stimulus is first made meaningful and then used for learning about another stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Define Extinction in conditioning.

The weakening of a conditioned association in the absence of a reinforcer. Signup and view all the answers

What is Spontaneous Recovery?

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period. Signup and view all the answers

What is Generalization in psychology?

The tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is Discrimination?

The ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is Learned Helplessness?

A pattern of nonresponding in the presence of noxious stimuli due to past uncontrollable aversive stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

Define Respondent Behavior.

Behavior in response to a specific stimulus, usually associated with classical conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

What is Operant Conditioning?

Learning in which the probability of a response is changed by a change in its consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What is Operant Behavior?

Behavior controlled by consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Effect?

The principle that a response is strengthened by reward and weakened by absence of reward. Signup and view all the answers

What is an Operant Chamber?

An experimental box designed by B.F. Skinner for studying animal behavior under controlled conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning Concepts

Learning is a process influenced by experience, leading to a relatively lasting change in behavior or potential behavior.
Habituation is a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus, indicating an organism's ability to ignore familiar stimuli.
Associative learning involves recognizing that certain events occur together, illustrated by classical and operant conditioning.

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is learning where a conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response due to its association with an unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned responses are involuntary reactions to unconditioned stimuli without prior learning.
Conditioned responses emerge from pairing a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to learned reactions.
Acquisition refers to the initial stage where the conditioned response is first elicited by the conditioned stimulus.
Higher order conditioning allows a conditioned stimulus to gain meaning through previous learning, facilitating connections to new stimuli.
Extinction occurs when a conditioned association weakens without reinforcement or the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous recovery is the unexpected return of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.

Generalization and Discrimination

Generalization is the tendency to respond similarly to various but related stimuli, like a dog salivating to different tones.
Discrimination is the capability to differentiate between stimuli, an advanced learning skill compared to generalization.

Learned Behavior

Learned helplessness describes a state where an organism fails to respond to adverse stimuli after experiencing uncontrollable events.
Respondent behavior is an automatic response to specific stimuli, closely related to classical conditioning.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning changes the likelihood of a behavior based on the consequences that follow it.
Key principles include positive reinforcement (adding a pleasant stimulus), negative reinforcement (removing an unpleasant stimulus), positive punishment (adding an unpleasant stimulus), and negative punishment (removing a pleasant stimulus).
The law of effect states that behaviors are strengthened by rewards and weakened by the absence of rewards.

Research Tools

The operant chamber, developed by B.F. Skinner, is designed to study animal behavior under controlled conditions, featuring mechanisms for stimulus delivery and response detection.

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Description

Explore key concepts and definitions related to the process of learning in psychology with these flashcards. Understand fundamental terms like learning and habituation, and how they affect behavior and responses in various situations.