Psychology Chapter 5: Gender and Sexism
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following BEST defines sexism?

  • Discrimination or bias against people based on their gender. (correct)
  • Negative stereotypes about women.
  • Any prejudice or discrimination based on sex.
  • The belief that women are inferior to men.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the difference between sex and gender?

  • Sex refers to biological differences, while gender is a social construct.
  • Sex is determined by chromosomes, while gender is determined by societal norms.
  • Sex is a fixed category, while gender is fluid and can change.
  • All of the above. (correct)

Which type of sexism is characterized by seemingly positive beliefs that actually reinforce gender stereotypes and maintain male dominance?

  • Hostile sexism
  • Benevolent sexism (correct)
  • Traditional sexism
  • Modern sexism

Which research approach emphasizes the subjective experiences of participants and aims to understand their unique perspectives?

<p>Qualitative analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the KEY difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

<p>A hypothesis is a testable prediction, while a theory is a well-supported explanation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of sexism described in the text?

<p>Traditional sexism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sexism is characterized by subtle, often unconscious, negative views about women?

<p>Modern sexism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the research methods described in the text?

<p>Quantitative analysis is generally more objective, while qualitative analysis is more subjective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Karen Horney, what is the root cause of neurotic trends?

<p>Current fears and impulses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concept introduced by Karen Horney to explain the development of neurotic tendencies?

<p>Basic anxiety. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Helen Deutsch's work focus on?

<p>The feminine core of personality, including concepts like narcissism and masochism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a contribution of Anna Freud to the field of psychology?

<p>She developed the concept of the &quot;unconscious mind&quot;. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Nancy Chodorow's theory, how does mothering shape the development of sons and daughters differently?

<p>Sons learn to devalue and dominate women, while daughters develop a desire to mother. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a core concept of sociobiology?

<p>Social behaviour is shaped by evolutionary processes that promote survival and reproduction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the connection between Darwin’s theory of evolution and sociobiology?

<p>Darwin’s theory of evolution provides the foundation for sociobiology by explaining that species evolve through natural selection, which in turn influences social behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to evolutionary psychology, what is the primary goal of all organisms?

<p>To maximize their individual fitness by passing on their genes to the next generation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a traditionally female characteristic or behavior, as described in the text?

<p>Ambitious (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between implicit stereotypes and the gender gap in science performance?

<p>Implicit stereotypes discourage girls from studying science, contributing to the gender gap. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the BEST example of a self-fulfilling prophecy related to gender stereotypes?

<p>A girl who is told that she is not good at sports, decides to avoid playing sports altogether. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST defines 'stereotype threat'?

<p>The fear of being judged or stereotyped based on one's group membership, leading to poorer performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the self-fulfilling prophecy contribute to the gender gap in science performance?

<p>Because girls are often stereotyped as being less good at science, they may be less likely to pursue it, leading to a lower performance in science. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs of traits aligns with the concept of 'communal' and 'agentic' as described in the text?

<p>Caring, Achievement-Oriented (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best explanation of how 'stereotype threat' is commonly tested?

<p>Researchers manipulate the test conditions to create a situation where stereotype threat is expected to occur. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a 'self-fulfilling prophecy' and 'stereotype threat'?

<p>Stereotype threat refers to the fear of confirming a negative stereotype, while the self-fulfilling prophecy refers to the expectations that shape our behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological phenomenon describes a person’s concern about being judged based on negative stereotypes associated with their group?

<p>Stereotype threat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of aggression are females reported to be more prevalent than males?

<p>Relational aggression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'social construction of gender' imply about gender roles?

<p>Society and culture create and prescribe gender roles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of anxiety levels, which gender typically exhibits lower anxiety according to the discussed research?

<p>Males (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the deindividuation research by Lightdale & Prentice (1994) aim to investigate?

<p>The influence of gender roles on behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gender has been found to have higher physical aggression according to the reported effect sizes?

<p>Males (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is characterized by an excessive focus on oneself and a lack of empathy for others?

<p>Narcissism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect size indicating the difference in self-esteem levels between males and females?

<p>d = 0.16 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of feminism contends that the oppression of women stems from the intrinsic valuation of masculine characteristics over feminine ones?

<p>Radical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feminist wave primarily focused on achieving legal and socioeconomic equality for women, often through legislative and political means?

<p>Second Wave (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feminist school of thought emphasizes the interconnectedness of gender oppression with both class and racial inequalities?

<p>Women of Color (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the foundational concept of queer theory, as it relates to gender and sexuality?

<p>Gender and sexuality are fluid and dynamic, shaped by cultural influences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feminist perspective emphasizes the unique strengths and values attributed to women, arguing for their upliftment and recognition within a patriarchal society?

<p>Cultural (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of the First Wave of feminism?

<p>Challenging gender roles in the workplace (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of postmodern feminism?

<p>Challenging the traditional understanding of sex and gender (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feminist perspective sees women's oppression as rooted in capitalism and class structures?

<p>Marxist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's theory, which of the following is most closely associated with the development of the superego?

<p>The internalization of societal norms and values, shaping moral judgment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's theory, what is the primary function of the ego?

<p>To act as the mediator between the demands of the id, the superego, and the external world. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an erogenous zone in Freud's theory of psychosexual development?

<p>The hands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Freudian term best describes the anxiety a boy experiences during the phallic stage due to the fear of castration by his father?

<p>Castration anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, which of the following is a consequence of the Electra complex?

<p>Girls develop a strong desire for a male partner to compensate for their perceived lack of a penis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Freud's psychosexual theory?

<p>Overemphasis on cultural influences in shaping personality development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept from Freud's theory has been criticized for its potential to perpetuate harmful stereotypes about gender roles?

<p>Penis envy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these criticisms of Freud's theory suggests that his work lacked a broad perspective on human behavior?

<p>Freud's theories were primarily based on patients seeking therapy, which might not be representative of the general population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gender

Social and cultural identities of male and female, not biological.

Sex

Biological classification of organisms as male or female based on reproductive functions.

Sexism

Discrimination or bias against individuals based on their gender.

Quantitative Analysis

Research that emphasizes objectivity and uses numerical data to compare responses.

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Qualitative Analysis

Research focusing on subjective experiences and personal perspectives.

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Modern Sexism

Subtle prejudiced beliefs about women.

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Hostile Sexism

Negative attitudes and beliefs about women, viewing them as adversaries.

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Hypothesis vs. Theory

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation, while a theory is a well-established explanation.

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Id

Part of personality representing instinctual drives, seeking immediate pleasure.

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Ego

The rational part of personality, mediates between id and reality, follows the reality principle.

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Superego

The moral component of personality, incorporating societal ideals and conscience.

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Libido

The life force or sex drive that motivates human behavior and urges.

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Erogenous Zones

Sensitive areas of the body associated with sexual pleasure during development stages.

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Phallic Stage

Stage of psychosexual development (ages 3-6) where genitals are the focus of pleasure.

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Oedipal Complex

Child's desire for opposite-sex parent and rivalry with same-sex parent, leading to castration anxiety.

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Electra Complex

Girl's psychosexual competition with her mother for her father's affection, tied to penis envy.

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Karen Horney's Contributions

Emphasized social influences on personality; criticized Freud's focus on childhood. Introduced 'basic anxiety'.

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Implicit Stereotypes

Unconscious beliefs about certain groups, affecting behavior and performance.

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Womb Envy

Men's envy of women's reproductive abilities; a counter to Freud's 'penis envy'.

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Helen Deutsch's Focus

Studied motherhood; linked femininity to traits like intuition and narcissism.

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Communal Traits

Traits associated with women, like empathy and nurturing, focused on others' well-being.

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Agentic Traits

Traits associated with men, including achievement and leadership, focused on self and tasks.

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Masculinity Complex

Women's issues with adjustment, often seen in aggressive behavior and masculine traits.

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Anna Freud's Innovations

Founded child psychoanalysis and play therapy, emphasizing the ego's struggles.

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

The phenomenon where expectations influence behaviors, making predictions come true.

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Play Therapy

A tool for diagnosing and counseling children through play.

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Stereotype Threat

Fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, affecting performance.

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Gender Gap in Science

The disparity where boys typically outperform girls in science due to stereotypes.

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Sociobiology

Application of evolutionary theory to animal social behavior.

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Darwin's Theory of Evolution

Species evolve through natural selection of favorable traits for survival and reproduction.

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Vicious Cycle of Stereotypes

Cycle where stereotypes discourage behavior, leading to poorer performance that reinforces stereotypes.

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Traditionally Female Characteristics

Traits like emotional, nurturing, and caring often associated with women.

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Liberal Feminism

A movement advocating equal rights and opportunities for women within the existing system.

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Marxist Feminism

Belief that women's oppression is linked to class oppression and capitalism.

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Radical Feminism

A perspective that sees women's oppression as stemming from the devaluation of feminine traits.

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Women of Color Feminism

Recognizes that racism, classism, and sexism are interconnected issues affecting women.

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Postmodern Feminism

Critiques the fixed notions of gender and sexuality, advocating for fluid identity.

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First Wave of Feminism

Aimed at voting rights and property rights during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Queer Theory

Proposes that gender and sexuality are fluid, not fixed traits, influenced by culture.

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Social Construction of Gender

The idea that society and culture shape gender roles and differences.

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Physical Aggression

Behavior intended to harm others physically; typically higher in males.

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Relational Aggression

Behavior intended to harm others by damaging relationships; females often show more.

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Self-Esteem

An individual’s overall evaluation or appraisal of their own worth; higher in males.

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Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness in groups; can lead to increased aggression.

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Anxiety Differences

Females generally report higher anxiety levels than males.

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Empathy Differences

The capacity to understand others' feelings; typically higher in females.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Women's Psychology

  • This chapter sets the stage for future explorations into the psychology of women, considering why studying it is important and establishing basic definitions and research practices.

Defining Gender and Sex

  • Gender: One of two sexes (male or female), often focusing on social and cultural differences, not just biological ones. Can also encompass a broader range of identities.
  • Sex: One of two main categories (male or female) for classifying humans and many other species, primarily based on reproductive functions.
  • Difference: Gender relates to how one identifies, while sex relates to one's biological attributes. Sexual orientation is about attraction to others.

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Analysis

  • Quantitative Analysis: Emphasizes objectivity, control, and using measurable data to compare and contrast participant responses. Emphasizes comparisons to a standard.
  • Qualitative Analysis: Focuses on subjective experience, aiming to capture unique perspectives and accounts of participants by focusing on details.

Defining Sexism

  • Sexism: Discrimination or bias based on gender. Also called sex bias.

Forms of Sexism

  • Modern Sexism (Neosexism): Subtle prejudiced beliefs about women.
  • Hostile Sexism: Negative, hostile attitudes toward women.
  • Benevolent Sexism: Beliefs about women that appear kind or benevolent, but maintain stereotypical assumptions that ultimately limit women.

Hypothesis vs. Theory

  • Hypothesis: A proposed explanation or prediction designed to be tested.
  • Theory: The conclusion made from the results of testing a hypothesis. A theory is an established explanation that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed to be true.

Research Designs

  • Naturalistic observation: Observing subjects in their natural environments without interference. Used frequently in behavioral sciences like sociology and psychology.
  • Archival analysis: Analyzing pre-existing data sources (e.g., census records, surveys).
  • Surveys: Gather data about particular topics of interest through questions.
  • Experiments: A research study that tests a hypothesis under specific conditions.
  • Quasi-experiments: A comparison of two or more groups of participants who were not randomly assigned, focusing on the response to a treatment.

Empirical Process

  • Self-Correcting: The empirical process involves repeatedly testing hypotheses and refining theories based on new data, ensuring that the results are a reflection of reality.

Sources of Bias in Research

  • Bias in Theory: Assumptions and previous work/theories guide research questions and focus.
  • Bias in Design: The way in which the research is designed.
  • Bias in Data Collection: The way in which participants are selected or how observations are taken may be flawed
  • Bias in Interpretation: The way results are interpreted often reflect pre-existing beliefs and assumptions.
  • Bias in Publication: Results are more likely to be published if they align with expected or pre-existing beliefs, potentially skewing the data.
  • Bias Against Female Scientists: Women face systemic obstacles in their scientific development and practice.

Female Deficit Interpretation

  • Definition: Attributing weaknesses or inferiority to female characteristics.

Experimenter Effects

  • Definition: When characteristics of the experimenter affect participant behavior in a manner that influences the results.

Observer Effects

  • Definition: When expectations affect observations and recording of data.

Overgeneralization

  • Definition: Applying findings from a specific group (like an all-male sample) to a broader group (all humans) without sufficient evidence to support such an assumption.

Additional Concepts

  • Phallocentric: Male-centered thinking, which prioritizes the male experience or perspective.
  • Male as Normative: The expectation that the male standard acts as a norm of comparison, and that deviations from it are not typical or desirable.

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Description

Test your understanding of Chapter 5 on gender and sexism in psychology. This quiz covers definitions, types of sexism, and key concepts from influential psychologists like Karen Horney and Anna Freud. Challenge yourself with questions that explore the differences between sex and gender, and the subjective experiences in research methods.

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