Developmental Psychology Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span?

Developmental psychology

What is the term for a fertilized egg?

Zygote

An embryo is the developing stage of a multicellular organism after 9 weeks.

False (B)

What is the term for the developing organism between the embryonic stage and birth?

<p>Fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development called?

<p>Teratogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking, which can cause physical and cognitive abnormalities in the child?

<p>Fetal alcohol syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation?

<p>Habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for biological growth processes that force orderly changes in behavior?

<p>Maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

<p>Cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world?

<p>Schema</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing schemas called?

<p>Assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of adjusting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information called?

<p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's theory, what is the stage from birth to about 2 years of age during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities called?

<p>Sensorimotor stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived called?

<p>Object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's theory, what is the stage from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age during which a child learns to use language but cannot form logical thought called?

<p>Preoperational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes called?

<p>Conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's theory, what is the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view called?

<p>Egocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability to reason about what other people know or believe called?

<p>Theory of mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's theory, what is the stage of cognitive development from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age during which children gain the mental facilities to think logically about concrete events called?

<p>Concrete operational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's theory, what is the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts called?

<p>Formal operational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking?

<p>Scaffolding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors?

<p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the fear of strangers that infants commonly display?

<p>Stranger anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the close emotional bond between infant and caregiver?

<p>Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development?

<p>Critical period</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life called?

<p>Imprinting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the experiment by Mary Ainsworth that observed children and their mothers during the first six months and later observed the 1-year-old infants in a strange situation?

<p>Strange situation experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver?

<p>Secure attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a relationship in which infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation?

<p>Insecure attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity?

<p>Temperament</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erik Erikson, what is the sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy called?

<p>Basic trust</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

<p>Self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the biological differences that distinguish males from females?

<p>Sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female?

<p>Gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone?

<p>Aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing?

<p>Relational aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave?

<p>Role</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a set of expected behaviors for males or for females?

<p>Gender role</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for our sense of being male or female?

<p>Gender identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics?

<p>Androgyny</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished called?

<p>Social learning theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role called?

<p>Gender typing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex?

<p>Transgender</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence called?

<p>Adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing called?

<p>Puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for our sense of self?

<p>Identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the "we" aspect of our self-concept, the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships called?

<p>Social identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson's theory, what is the ability to form close, loving relationships called?

<p>Intimacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

For some people in modern cultures, what is the period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood called?

<p>Emerging adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sex chromosome found in both men and women?

<p>X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sex chromosome found only in males?

<p>Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the male sex hormone called?

<p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible called?

<p>Primary sex characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair called?

<p>Secondary sex characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the first ejaculation?

<p>Spermarche</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the first menstrual period?

<p>Menarche</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes?

<p>Intersex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) called?

<p>AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)?

<p>Sexual orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the time of natural cessation of menstruation?

<p>Menopause</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of study compares people of different ages with one another?

<p>Cross-sectional study</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research involves restudying and retesting the same people over a long period?

<p>Longitudinal study</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits, such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia, called?

<p>Neurocognitive disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning called?

<p>Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement called?

<p>Social clock</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist developed the 8 psychosocial stages of development?

<p>Erik Erikson</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist developed the four-stage theory of cognitive development?

<p>Jean Piaget</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

zygote

fertilized egg

embryo

developing stage of a multicellular organism, about 2 weeks after fertilization

fetus

In humans, the term for the developing organism between the embryonic stage and birth, after 9 weeks

Signup and view all the flashcards

teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development

Signup and view all the flashcards

fetal alcohol syndrome

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking

Signup and view all the flashcards

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation, present across even fetuses

Signup and view all the flashcards

maturation

biological growth processes that force orderly changes in behavior

Signup and view all the flashcards

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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schema

a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world

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assimilation

adding our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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accommodation

adjusting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Signup and view all the flashcards

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but cannot form logical thought

Signup and view all the flashcards

conservation

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes

Signup and view all the flashcards

egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

Signup and view all the flashcards

theory of mind

ability to reason about what other people know or believe

Signup and view all the flashcards

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental facilities to think logically about concrete events

Signup and view all the flashcards

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Signup and view all the flashcards

secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

Signup and view all the flashcards

insecure attachment

Infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation

Signup and view all the flashcards

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Signup and view all the flashcards

identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Signup and view all the flashcards

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Signup and view all the flashcards

gender

the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

Signup and view all the flashcards

emerging adulthood

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

Signup and view all the flashcards

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Signup and view all the flashcards

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

Signup and view all the flashcards

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Developmental Psychology Concepts

  • Developmental psychology studies physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout life.
  • A fertilized egg is a zygote.
  • The embryo develops for about two weeks after fertilization.
  • The fetus develops from nine weeks until birth.
  • Teratogens are agents that can harm the embryo or fetus during prenatal development, such as chemicals or viruses.
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by heavy drinking during pregnancy and leads to physical and cognitive problems in children.

Cognitive Development

  • Habituation is the decreasing responsiveness to repeated stimulation.
  • Maturation is biological growth that leads to orderly changes in behavior.
  • Cognition involves mental activities like thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
  • A schema is a mental framework for organizing information.
  • Assimilation is interpreting new experiences through existing schemas.
  • Accommodation is adjusting schemas to fit new information.
  • The sensorimotor stage is from birth to two years, focused on sensory and motor exploration.
  • Object permanence is understanding that things exist even when out of sight.
  • The preoperational stage (2-7 years) involves language development but limited logical thought(egocentrism).
  • Conservation is understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance.
  • Egocentrism is difficulty understanding others' perspectives.
  • Theory of mind is the ability to understand others' thoughts and beliefs.
  • The concrete operational stage (7-11 years) allows logical thinking about concrete events.
  • The formal operational stage (12+ years) involves logical reasoning about abstract concepts.
  • Scaffolding is temporary support that helps children develop higher-level thinking.

Social and Emotional Development

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a childhood disorder characterized by communication and social interaction deficits, and repetitive behaviors.
  • Stranger anxiety is the fear of strangers, common in infants.
  • Attachment is a close emotional bond between infant and caregiver, often relying on physical contact.
  • A critical period is an optimal time for certain stimuli to affect development.
  • Imprinting is an early attachment process observed in some animals.
  • The strange situation experiment studies attachment styles using separation and reunion scenarios with infants.
  • Secure attachment involves reliance on and comfort from the caregiver.
  • Insecure attachment involves resistance or avoidance of the caregiver.
  • Temperament is a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
  • Basic trust is a sense of world predictability and trustworthiness stemming from responsive caregivers.
  • Self-concept is the knowledge of oneself and answers to the question "Who am I?".
  • Sex refers to biological differences between males and females.
  • Gender is the socially constructed roles and characteristics defining male and female.
  • Aggression is intentional harm, often higher in males than females, with relational aggression harming social standing.

Gender and Adolescent Development

  • Gender roles are expectations of behaviors for males/females.
  • Gender identity is one's sense of being male or female.
  • Androgynous individuals display both masculine and feminine characteristics.
  • Social learning theory explains the observation and imitation of social behaviors.
  • Gender typing is acquiring traditional gender roles.
  • Transgender individuals have a gender identity that differs from their assigned sex.
  • Adolescence is the transition from childhood to adulthood, marked by puberty and the development of independence.
  • Puberty is a period of sexual maturation.
  • Identity formation is the solidifying of self-concept.
  • Social identity is the "we" aspect of self-concept, derived from group memberships.
  • Intimacy is the ability to form close relationships, a major task of late adolescence and early adulthood.
  • Emerging adulthood is a transition period between adolescence and adulthood lasting from late teens to mid-twenties.

Physical Development and Later Life

  • Primary sex characteristics are body structures for reproduction (ovaries, testes).
  • Secondary sex characteristics are non-reproductive traits (breasts, body hair).
  • Spermarche is the first ejaculation.
  • Menarche is the first menstrual period.
  • Intersex individuals have sexual characteristics of both sexes.
  • AIDS is a life-threatening sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV.
  • Sexual orientation is enduring sexual attraction.
  • Menopause is the cessation of menstruation and declining reproductive ability.
  • Cross-sectional studies compare people of different ages.
  • Longitudinal studies repeatedly study the same people over time.
  • Neurocognitive disorders are acquired cognitive impairments, examples are Alzheimer's disease and dementia.
  • Alzheimer's disease is a brain disease leading to gradual memory loss.
  • Social clock is the culturally preferred timing of life events (marriage, parenthood).
  • Erik Erikson developed a theory of psychosocial development;
    • Jean Piaget developed a theory of cognitive development involving assimilation and accommodation.
    • X chromosome and Y chromosome determine biological sex.
  • Testosterone is a male sex hormone.
  • Estrogen is a female sex hormone.

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This quiz explores key concepts in developmental psychology, focusing on the physical, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout life. It covers topics such as prenatal development, cognitive processes, and the impact of environmental factors on development. Test your understanding of important theories and terms in this fascinating field of study.

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