Psychology Chapter 4 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Gus would be best served by imagining himself _____

practicing hard and mastering the troublesome passage

This is consistent with the theory of _____

reactance

Which form of decision avoidance involves choosing an option that requires one to do nothing?

default option

People influenced by the status quo bias are likely to _____

stick with what they have Signup and view all the answers

Who is most likely to develop learned helplessness and refuse to try again?

a person who attributes his failure to talents that he is simply unable to develop Signup and view all the answers

What should Dori know about the importance of freedom of choice?

greater freedom is associated with greater behavioral flexibility and greater self-regulation Signup and view all the answers

A company facing extreme low morale and performance issues among its employees can improve the situation by _____

giving staff some autonomy in making decisions regarding obligations and scheduling Signup and view all the answers

Who is likely to adjust best to newly implemented, exceptionally demanding productivity requirements at work?

a person who knows he can easily find another job Signup and view all the answers

When would you expect Jaclyn's motivation to wane?

about midway through, probably when she is nearing completion of her Signup and view all the answers

When people are overly optimistic about succeeding in a project without considering any possible problems, they have fallen prey to the _____

planning fallacy Signup and view all the answers

A highly goal-oriented person experiencing constant intrusive thoughts about unfinished goals is most likely experiencing the _____

Zeigarnik effect Signup and view all the answers

Pauletta is experiencing _____ when she neglects other goals while working on challenging problems.

goal shielding Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when a person experiences decision fatigue?

spending too much energy on early choices and taking the easy way for later choices Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is most likely to produce fast results for Stephen in improving his study skills?

keeping a calendar recording how much time he spends studying for each course, every day Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to teach young people to exert self-control over their sexual impulses?

give them an opportunity to develop their willpower via acceptable contact Signup and view all the answers

How can Ari continue to study through periods of low motivation?

developing the habit of studying according to a schedule for each class Signup and view all the answers

What has research shown about concepts such as the death drive and fear of success?

research supports neither Freud's death drive nor Horner's fear of success Signup and view all the answers

One of the reasons people may engage in harmful behaviors is _____, such as drinking alcohol to relax at parties.

making tradeoffs Signup and view all the answers

Another reason people may engage in harmful behaviors is _____, such as when people use smokeless tobacco.

faulty knowledge Signup and view all the answers

For Maxwell to work as a reward, he must have the ability to _____

delay gratification Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Decision-Making and Motivation

Gus should visualize effectively practicing difficult pieces for his senior recital to improve performance.
Reactance theory suggests that prohibiting options enhances their allure.
The default option is a decision avoidance strategy where individuals choose inaction.
Status quo bias leads individuals to stick with their current circumstances rather than change.

Learned Helplessness and Autonomy

Learned helplessness develops in individuals who attribute failures to unchangeable personal traits.
Greater freedom in decision-making promotes behavioral flexibility and self-regulation, countering chaos in society.
To boost morale, companies should provide employees with autonomy over decision-making and scheduling.

Career Adaptability and Motivation Fluctuations

Individuals confident in their employability adapt better to demanding work environments.
Motivation for long-term goals, like Jaclyn's pursuit of neuroscience, tends to decrease around the midpoint of the journey.

Cognitive Bias and Task Management

The planning fallacy describes overoptimism in project success without proper risk assessment.
The Zeigarnik effect indicates that highly goal-oriented individuals experience intrusive thoughts about uncompleted tasks.
Goal shielding can lead individuals to neglect other responsibilities while focusing too intently on specific goals.

Decision Fatigue and Effective Study Habits

Decision fatigue arises when people exhaust their mental energy on initial choices, leading to easier but less optimal later decisions.
Keeping a daily calendar to track study time enhances strategic study habits and supports timely graduation.

Educational Approaches and Self-Control

Abstinence-only education is deemed ineffective; teaching self-control through practical willpower development is recommended.
Developing a study schedule can help maintain study habits during periods of low motivation.

Psychological Concepts and Risk Behaviors

Modern research challenges Freud's "death drive" and Horner's "fear of success" theories, showing scant support for these ideas.
Engaging in harmful behaviors can stem from making tradeoffs, such as using alcohol to reduce anxiety despite associated risks.
Misunderstandings about the safety of smokeless tobacco can lead to harmful choices, highlighting the impact of faulty knowledge.

Reward Systems and Self-Regulation

For rewards, like an amusement park trip to be effective, the ability to delay gratification is crucial, especially for children like Maxwell.

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Description

Test your knowledge of key concepts from Chapter 4 of your psychology textbook. This quiz focuses on important theories and psychological terms that are essential for understanding human behavior and learning. Perfect for reviewing before exams or class discussions.