Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to Alhassan (2000), what is the difference between how psychologists and laymen view learning?
According to Alhassan (2000), what is the difference between how psychologists and laymen view learning?
- Psychologists see learning as a complex process, while laymen see it as simple. (correct)
- Psychologists focus on the learning process, while laymen focus on the outcome.
- Psychologists see learning as a passive process, while laymen see it as active.
- Psychologists and laymen have similar views on learning.
What is the main emphasis of Kohler's (1925) perceptual process theory of learning?
What is the main emphasis of Kohler's (1925) perceptual process theory of learning?
- Association of ideas following the laws of similarity, contrast, and continuity.
- Maturation and development of the individual.
- Reinforcement of behavior through rewards and punishments.
- Study of relationships and how people learn to see relationships among various items of experience. (correct)
What is the term used to describe the sudden flash of understanding in which a pupil or student sees through a problem or reform their responses into a more complex habit?
What is the term used to describe the sudden flash of understanding in which a pupil or student sees through a problem or reform their responses into a more complex habit?
- Insight learning (correct)
- Maturation and development
- Association of ideas
- Perceptual process
Who is credited with discovering the phenomenon of insight learning in apes?
Who is credited with discovering the phenomenon of insight learning in apes?
According to Aristotle, what are the laws that govern the association of ideas in learning?
According to Aristotle, what are the laws that govern the association of ideas in learning?
What is the main characteristic of insight learning, as demonstrated by Kohler's apes?
What is the main characteristic of insight learning, as demonstrated by Kohler's apes?
What is the term used to describe the process of learning and remembering things that are alike, striking because of their difference, and that occur together in space and time?
What is the term used to describe the process of learning and remembering things that are alike, striking because of their difference, and that occur together in space and time?
What is the central idea of Kohler's (1925) theory of learning?
What is the central idea of Kohler's (1925) theory of learning?
According to Bugelski, what is the nature of the activity that forms relatively permanent neural circuits during learning?
According to Bugelski, what is the nature of the activity that forms relatively permanent neural circuits during learning?
Lindgren's view on human behavior is that it is primarily:
Lindgren's view on human behavior is that it is primarily:
Alhassan's definition of learning includes the acquisition of:
Alhassan's definition of learning includes the acquisition of:
According to Gagne, what is the indicator of learning?
According to Gagne, what is the indicator of learning?
What is the challenge in defining learning, according to the text?
What is the challenge in defining learning, according to the text?
What is learning, according to the text?
What is learning, according to the text?
What is the role of experience in learning, according to the text?
What is the role of experience in learning, according to the text?
What is the ultimate goal of learning, according to the text?
What is the ultimate goal of learning, according to the text?
What is the primary focus of behaviourists in understanding human behaviour?
What is the primary focus of behaviourists in understanding human behaviour?
According to the behaviourist approach, what reinforces a behaviour?
According to the behaviourist approach, what reinforces a behaviour?
What approach sees humans as thinking, rationalizing individuals who can solve problems and plan their actions?
What approach sees humans as thinking, rationalizing individuals who can solve problems and plan their actions?
What is the primary concern of the cognitive approach?
What is the primary concern of the cognitive approach?
What is the role of the teacher in the behaviourist approach to dealing with a disruptive boy?
What is the role of the teacher in the behaviourist approach to dealing with a disruptive boy?
What is the significance of the last 30 years in the cognitive approach?
What is the significance of the last 30 years in the cognitive approach?
What is an example of the cognitive approach in this course?
What is an example of the cognitive approach in this course?
What is the primary difference between the behaviourist and cognitive approaches?
What is the primary difference between the behaviourist and cognitive approaches?
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Study Notes
Learning in Psychology
- Psychologists and laymen have different views on learning, despite its importance and pervasiveness in human activity.
Kohler's Perspective
- Kohler (1925) defined learning as a perceptual process, emphasizing the study of relationships and how people learn to see relationships among various items of experience.
- This phenomenon is evident in insight, where individuals suddenly understand a problem or skill after a period of little progress.
- Kohler's famous experiment on apes demonstrated a sudden perceptual change in which they saw the relationship of sticks or boxes to themselves and the goal in a new way.
Aristotle's Perspective
- Aristotle viewed learning as an association of ideas following the laws of similarity, contrast, and continuity.
- He believed that people learn and remember things that are alike, strikingly different, or occur together in space and time.
Bugelski's Perspective
- Bugelski (1956) saw learning as the formation of relatively permanent neural circuits through the simultaneous activity of the elements of the circuit.
- This process involves changes in cell structure through growth, facilitating the arousal of the entire circuit when a component element is activated.
Lindgren's Perspective
- Lindgren (1961) considered learning a central process in understanding human behavior, arguing that most aspects of human behavior are learned rather than instinctive.
Alhassan's Perspective
- Alhassan (1985) defined learning as the totality of acquiring factual information, mastering skills, and aiding further study.
- Learning is a dynamic process where insights or cognitive structures are changed through interactive experience, becoming more useful for future guidance.
Gagne's Perspective
- Gagne (1970) defined learning as a change in performance due to a stimulus situation, where the learner's performance changes from before to after being in that situation.
The Behaviourist Approach
- Behaviourists focus on observable behavior and environmental factors that sustain or discourage it.
- Examples include Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner, who study behavior and environmental conditions to explain it.
- Behaviourists believe that any piece of behavior can be explained by reference to environmental factors.
The Cognitive Approach
- The cognitive approach understands behavior by reference to how people think and process information.
- It focuses on thinking, perception, memory, problem-solving, and consciousness, seeing humans as thinking, rationalizing individuals who can solve problems and plan their actions.
- The cognitive approach has gained influence over the last 30 years and is concerned with the areas of perception.
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