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Questions and Answers
Classical conditioning involves learning:
Classical conditioning involves learning:
In the example of Jessica returning home, the conditioned stimulus is:
In the example of Jessica returning home, the conditioned stimulus is:
The unconditioned response occurs:
The unconditioned response occurs:
If someone blows a puff of air into one's eyes, that is an:
If someone blows a puff of air into one's eyes, that is an:
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The conditioned stimulus elicits the:
The conditioned stimulus elicits the:
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In the example where a child overhears derogatory comments about African Americans, what is the conditioned stimulus?
In the example where a child overhears derogatory comments about African Americans, what is the conditioned stimulus?
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Dionne's nervousness at seeing the track on non-race days is an:
Dionne's nervousness at seeing the track on non-race days is an:
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Which is an example of appetitive conditioning?
Which is an example of appetitive conditioning?
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When the US is an unpleasant event such as shock, the conditioning is called:
When the US is an unpleasant event such as shock, the conditioning is called:
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The Conditioned Emotional Response was a technique developed to study:
The Conditioned Emotional Response was a technique developed to study:
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Studies of _____ have been important for understanding biology.
Studies of _____ have been important for understanding biology.
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When the eyeblink reflex is conditioned using a tone, the conditioned response is:
When the eyeblink reflex is conditioned using a tone, the conditioned response is:
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The eyeblink CR seems to:
The eyeblink CR seems to:
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With repeated administration of a drug, an organism will require larger doses for the same effect. This is known as:
With repeated administration of a drug, an organism will require larger doses for the same effect. This is known as:
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The conditioned compensatory response occurs in response to the _____ in order to prepare the organism for the _____.
The conditioned compensatory response occurs in response to the _____ in order to prepare the organism for the _____.
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When a conditioned compensatory response occurs, the:
When a conditioned compensatory response occurs, the:
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According to the phenomenon of conditioned compensatory response, drug addicts develop a tolerance because:
According to the phenomenon of conditioned compensatory response, drug addicts develop a tolerance because:
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The tendency of the body to gravitate toward a state of equilibrium is known as:
The tendency of the body to gravitate toward a state of equilibrium is known as:
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To get Pavlov's dog to experience extinction, one would:
To get Pavlov's dog to experience extinction, one would:
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To stop unpleasant feelings from occurring when Jennifer hears her favorite song, she should:
To stop unpleasant feelings from occurring when Jennifer hears her favorite song, she should:
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The spontaneous recovery of a CR suggests that:
The spontaneous recovery of a CR suggests that:
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When a more salient cue within a compound acquires more of the share of attention and learning, it is known as:
When a more salient cue within a compound acquires more of the share of attention and learning, it is known as:
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The phenomenon of blocking demonstrates that:
The phenomenon of blocking demonstrates that:
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Suppose one conditions a dog to salivate in response to a tone and then presents both the tone and a light together, followed by food. The dog will:
Suppose one conditions a dog to salivate in response to a tone and then presents both the tone and a light together, followed by food. The dog will:
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If a rat has been conditioned with a loud buzzing sound followed by shock, presenting several trials of the buzzing sound alone will cause the association to:
If a rat has been conditioned with a loud buzzing sound followed by shock, presenting several trials of the buzzing sound alone will cause the association to:
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In the Rescorla-Wagner model, if a novel CS is followed by an unexpected US, the prediction error is:
In the Rescorla-Wagner model, if a novel CS is followed by an unexpected US, the prediction error is:
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Which statement is TRUE about the Rescorla-Wagner model?
Which statement is TRUE about the Rescorla-Wagner model?
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Which statement is considered to be TRUE about a successful model?
Which statement is considered to be TRUE about a successful model?
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For humans performing a category-learning task, Gluck and Bower's neural network model can:
For humans performing a category-learning task, Gluck and Bower's neural network model can:
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If a US occurs just as often without the tone as it does in the presence of the tone, this suggests that animals are sensitive to:
If a US occurs just as often without the tone as it does in the presence of the tone, this suggests that animals are sensitive to:
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A reduction in learning about a CS to which there has been prior exposure without any US is called:
A reduction in learning about a CS to which there has been prior exposure without any US is called:
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According to the idea of latent inhibition, pre-exposing a rat to a light by itself will make it:
According to the idea of latent inhibition, pre-exposing a rat to a light by itself will make it:
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In a blocking experiment, an animal conditioned to associate a light with shock and then presented with a tone and light together will experience blocking because:
In a blocking experiment, an animal conditioned to associate a light with shock and then presented with a tone and light together will experience blocking because:
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According to CS modulation theories like Mackintosh's, latent inhibition occurs because the:
According to CS modulation theories like Mackintosh's, latent inhibition occurs because the:
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Regarding CS modulation versus US modulation theories, it seems that:
Regarding CS modulation versus US modulation theories, it seems that:
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A theory of learning considering all cues during a trial as a single event is known as:
A theory of learning considering all cues during a trial as a single event is known as:
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The temporal gap between the onset of CS and the onset of the US is known as:
The temporal gap between the onset of CS and the onset of the US is known as:
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In Garcia and Koelling's taste-aversion studies, it was found that rats in the poison group were more likely to associate a taste with their illness than a tone with their illness. This illustrates:
In Garcia and Koelling's taste-aversion studies, it was found that rats in the poison group were more likely to associate a taste with their illness than a tone with their illness. This illustrates:
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Which does NOT require the cerebellum in a classical conditioning experiment?
Which does NOT require the cerebellum in a classical conditioning experiment?
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In mammals, the two sites where information about the CS-US association can be stored in the cerebellum are the _____ and the _____.
In mammals, the two sites where information about the CS-US association can be stored in the cerebellum are the _____ and the _____.
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The _____ has/have different subregions for each kind of sensory stimulation.
The _____ has/have different subregions for each kind of sensory stimulation.
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The final exit point of CR information from the cerebellum is/are the:
The final exit point of CR information from the cerebellum is/are the:
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A conditioned eyeblink response can be produced by stimulating:
A conditioned eyeblink response can be produced by stimulating:
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Removing the _____ abolishes conditioned responses.
Removing the _____ abolishes conditioned responses.
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Lesion studies suggest that the interpositus nucleus is involved in _____, while the cerebellar cortex is involved in _____.
Lesion studies suggest that the interpositus nucleus is involved in _____, while the cerebellar cortex is involved in _____.
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Patients with damage to the cerebellum:
Patients with damage to the cerebellum:
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Which statement has been viewed as evidence of an error-correction mechanism in the brain?
Which statement has been viewed as evidence of an error-correction mechanism in the brain?
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Classical conditioning in Aplysia appears to involve:
Classical conditioning in Aplysia appears to involve:
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Anatomical changes in neural circuits (such as growth or loss of synapses) seem to be responsible for _____ forms of memory; intracellular changes (such as an increase or decrease in neurotransmitter vesicles) seem to be responsible for _____ forms of memory.
Anatomical changes in neural circuits (such as growth or loss of synapses) seem to be responsible for _____ forms of memory; intracellular changes (such as an increase or decrease in neurotransmitter vesicles) seem to be responsible for _____ forms of memory.
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A regular drug user can have an elevated reaction to his usual drug if he takes it in a new environment. In this example, the familiar environment is a:
A regular drug user can have an elevated reaction to his usual drug if he takes it in a new environment. In this example, the familiar environment is a:
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When researchers gave animals an injection of an inert placebo to pre-expose them to contextual cues associated with drug use, they found that the animals:
When researchers gave animals an injection of an inert placebo to pre-expose them to contextual cues associated with drug use, they found that the animals:
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When a drug addict is in the environment where she usually takes her drugs, she will typically feel a craving for the drugs. This craving is a:
When a drug addict is in the environment where she usually takes her drugs, she will typically feel a craving for the drugs. This craving is a:
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It has been suggested that drug addicts should use small amounts of their drug during therapy to extinguish their habit. This is because:
It has been suggested that drug addicts should use small amounts of their drug during therapy to extinguish their habit. This is because:
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning Concepts
- Classical conditioning is the process of learning that involves one stimulus predicting another significant event.
- Conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are central to understanding behavior and responses in classical conditioning.
Key Elements of Classical Conditioning
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any learning.
- Unconditioned Response (UR): The natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without prior training (e.g., blinking due to a puff of air).
- Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
Examples of Conditioning
- Appetitive Conditioning: Pavlov's conditioning of salivation in dogs illustrates appetitive conditioning, where a desirable outcome (food) follows the CS.
- Aversive Conditioning: Involves the US being an unpleasant event, like shock, that induces negative responses.
- Contextual Cues: Familiar environments can act as conditioned stimuli that evoke cravings or responses in drug users.
Learning Mechanisms
- Tolerance: The phenomenon where increasing amounts of a drug are required to achieve the same effect due to prior exposure.
- Conditioned Compensatory Response: This response occurs as a reaction to the CS to prepare the organism for the UR, which counteracts the effects of the US.
- Extinction: The process by which the CR diminishes when the CS is presented without the US repeatedly.
Interactions and Effects
- Blocking: Demonstrates that when a CS already predicts a US, the addition of a new CS does not lead to conditioning, showing that the existing CS must provide new information.
- Overshadowing: Occurs when a more pronounced cue in a compound stimulus dominates the learning process, overshadowing the less salient cue.
Biological Foundations
- Neural Circcuits: Certain areas like the interpositus nucleus and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum are involved in storing information about CS-US associations.
- Memory Formation: Changes in synaptic connections correlate with different forms of memory; long-term changes affect overall synapse quantity, while short-term changes affect intracellular mechanisms.
Drug Addiction and Conditioning
- Drug addicts may experience cravings as conditioned responses triggered by familiar settings or cues associated with drug use.
- Environments and contexts play a key role in the conditioned responses associated with drug consumption.
Key Considerations in Conditioning Studies
- Prediction Error in Rescorla-Wagner Model: A new CS that is followed by an unexpected US results in a positive prediction error, enhancing learning of the association.
- Latent Inhibition: Prior exposure to a CS without a US makes it more difficult to condition the CS in the future.
Implications for Therapy and Behavioral Change
- Small, controlled exposure to drugs in a familiar context may help to extinguish cravings tied to those cues, highlighting the importance of context in conditioning.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge about classical conditioning with these flashcards from Psychology Chapter 4. This quiz covers key concepts and examples to help reinforce your understanding of learning mechanisms. Perfect for reviewing before exams!
