Psychology Chapter 4 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Classical conditioning involves learning:

That a particular behavior leads to a reward.

By observing another person perform a behavior.

About a stimulus by being repeatedly exposed to it.

That one stimulus predicts an important event. (correct)

In the example of Jessica returning home, the conditioned stimulus is:

The front door. (correct)

A big hug.

Jessica.

Jessica's daughter.

The unconditioned response occurs:

After repeated pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.

With training or conditioning.

In response to a neutral stimulus.

Without any training or conditioning. (correct)

If someone blows a puff of air into one's eyes, that is an:

Unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

The conditioned stimulus elicits the:

Conditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

In the example where a child overhears derogatory comments about African Americans, what is the conditioned stimulus?

The derogatory comments. Signup and view all the answers

Dionne's nervousness at seeing the track on non-race days is an:

Unconditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of appetitive conditioning?

Pavlov's conditioning of salivation in dogs. Signup and view all the answers

When the US is an unpleasant event such as shock, the conditioning is called:

Aversive. Signup and view all the answers

The Conditioned Emotional Response was a technique developed to study:

Learned fear. Signup and view all the answers

Studies of _____ have been important for understanding biology.

Drosophila (fruit flies). Signup and view all the answers

When the eyeblink reflex is conditioned using a tone, the conditioned response is:

Blinking in response to the tone. Signup and view all the answers

The eyeblink CR seems to:

Start out strong on the first trial and remain strong. Signup and view all the answers

With repeated administration of a drug, an organism will require larger doses for the same effect. This is known as:

Tolerance. Signup and view all the answers

The conditioned compensatory response occurs in response to the _ in order to prepare the organism for the _.

CS; UR Signup and view all the answers

When a conditioned compensatory response occurs, the:

CR is the opposite of the UR. Signup and view all the answers

According to the phenomenon of conditioned compensatory response, drug addicts develop a tolerance because:

Environmental cues elicit CRs that counteract the effect of the drug. Signup and view all the answers

The tendency of the body to gravitate toward a state of equilibrium is known as:

Homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

To get Pavlov's dog to experience extinction, one would:

Play the tone repeatedly without any food. Signup and view all the answers

To stop unpleasant feelings from occurring when Jennifer hears her favorite song, she should:

Play the song in a safe and pleasant environment such as her room. Signup and view all the answers

The spontaneous recovery of a CR suggests that:

The CR is not gone after extinction. Signup and view all the answers

When a more salient cue within a compound acquires more of the share of attention and learning, it is known as:

Overshadowing. Signup and view all the answers

The phenomenon of blocking demonstrates that:

The CS must provide nonredundant information. Signup and view all the answers

Suppose one conditions a dog to salivate in response to a tone and then presents both the tone and a light together, followed by food. The dog will:

Not salivate to the tone or the light. Signup and view all the answers

If a rat has been conditioned with a loud buzzing sound followed by shock, presenting several trials of the buzzing sound alone will cause the association to:

Decrease. Signup and view all the answers

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, if a novel CS is followed by an unexpected US, the prediction error is:

Positive. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is TRUE about the Rescorla-Wagner model?

It is considered the most influential formal model of learning. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is considered to be TRUE about a successful model?

The predictions made by the model should be able to be tested and provide new data. Signup and view all the answers

For humans performing a category-learning task, Gluck and Bower's neural network model can:

Predict how often a particular categorization will be made. Signup and view all the answers

If a US occurs just as often without the tone as it does in the presence of the tone, this suggests that animals are sensitive to:

Cue-outcome. Signup and view all the answers

A reduction in learning about a CS to which there has been prior exposure without any US is called:

Latent inhibition. Signup and view all the answers

According to the idea of latent inhibition, pre-exposing a rat to a light by itself will make it:

Harder for the rat to learn to associate the light with food. Signup and view all the answers

In a blocking experiment, an animal conditioned to associate a light with shock and then presented with a tone and light together will experience blocking because:

The light is ignored. Signup and view all the answers

According to CS modulation theories like Mackintosh's, latent inhibition occurs because the:

CS is ignored because it doesn't predict anything reliably. Signup and view all the answers

Regarding CS modulation versus US modulation theories, it seems that:

Both theories. Signup and view all the answers

A theory of learning considering all cues during a trial as a single event is known as:

Trial-level model. Signup and view all the answers

The temporal gap between the onset of CS and the onset of the US is known as:

Interstimulus interval. Signup and view all the answers

In Garcia and Koelling's taste-aversion studies, it was found that rats in the poison group were more likely to associate a taste with their illness than a tone with their illness. This illustrates:

The poison group were more likely to associate a taste with their illness than a tone with their illness. Signup and view all the answers

Which does NOT require the cerebellum in a classical conditioning experiment?

The unconditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

In mammals, the two sites where information about the CS-US association can be stored in the cerebellum are the _ and the _.

Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex; interpositus nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

The _____ has/have different subregions for each kind of sensory stimulation.

Pontine nuclei. Signup and view all the answers

The final exit point of CR information from the cerebellum is/are the:

Motor cortex. Signup and view all the answers

A conditioned eyeblink response can be produced by stimulating:

The inferior olive as the US. Signup and view all the answers

Removing the _____ abolishes conditioned responses.

Interpositus nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

Lesion studies suggest that the interpositus nucleus is involved in _, while the cerebellar cortex is involved in _.

Formation and execution of the CR; response timing. Signup and view all the answers

Patients with damage to the cerebellum:

Are slower in learning a CR. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement has been viewed as evidence of an error-correction mechanism in the brain?

The hippocampus is highly active during conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

Classical conditioning in Aplysia appears to involve:

Long-term changes in the number of synapses and short-term intracellular changes. Signup and view all the answers

Anatomical changes in neural circuits (such as growth or loss of synapses) seem to be responsible for _ forms of memory; intracellular changes (such as an increase or decrease in neurotransmitter vesicles) seem to be responsible for _ forms of memory.

Long-term; short-term. Signup and view all the answers

A regular drug user can have an elevated reaction to his usual drug if he takes it in a new environment. In this example, the familiar environment is a:

CS. Signup and view all the answers

When researchers gave animals an injection of an inert placebo to pre-expose them to contextual cues associated with drug use, they found that the animals:

Formed an association between the context and drug use more slowly than normal. Signup and view all the answers

When a drug addict is in the environment where she usually takes her drugs, she will typically feel a craving for the drugs. This craving is a:

CR. Signup and view all the answers

It has been suggested that drug addicts should use small amounts of their drug during therapy to extinguish their habit. This is because:

Drug use is part of the context. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning Concepts

Classical conditioning is the process of learning that involves one stimulus predicting another significant event.
Conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are central to understanding behavior and responses in classical conditioning.

Key Elements of Classical Conditioning

Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any learning.
Unconditioned Response (UR): The natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without prior training (e.g., blinking due to a puff of air).
Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Examples of Conditioning

Appetitive Conditioning: Pavlov's conditioning of salivation in dogs illustrates appetitive conditioning, where a desirable outcome (food) follows the CS.
Aversive Conditioning: Involves the US being an unpleasant event, like shock, that induces negative responses.
Contextual Cues: Familiar environments can act as conditioned stimuli that evoke cravings or responses in drug users.

Learning Mechanisms

Tolerance: The phenomenon where increasing amounts of a drug are required to achieve the same effect due to prior exposure.
Conditioned Compensatory Response: This response occurs as a reaction to the CS to prepare the organism for the UR, which counteracts the effects of the US.
Extinction: The process by which the CR diminishes when the CS is presented without the US repeatedly.

Interactions and Effects

Blocking: Demonstrates that when a CS already predicts a US, the addition of a new CS does not lead to conditioning, showing that the existing CS must provide new information.
Overshadowing: Occurs when a more pronounced cue in a compound stimulus dominates the learning process, overshadowing the less salient cue.

Biological Foundations

Neural Circcuits: Certain areas like the interpositus nucleus and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum are involved in storing information about CS-US associations.
Memory Formation: Changes in synaptic connections correlate with different forms of memory; long-term changes affect overall synapse quantity, while short-term changes affect intracellular mechanisms.

Drug Addiction and Conditioning

Drug addicts may experience cravings as conditioned responses triggered by familiar settings or cues associated with drug use.
Environments and contexts play a key role in the conditioned responses associated with drug consumption.

Key Considerations in Conditioning Studies

Prediction Error in Rescorla-Wagner Model: A new CS that is followed by an unexpected US results in a positive prediction error, enhancing learning of the association.
Latent Inhibition: Prior exposure to a CS without a US makes it more difficult to condition the CS in the future.

Implications for Therapy and Behavioral Change

Small, controlled exposure to drugs in a familiar context may help to extinguish cravings tied to those cues, highlighting the importance of context in conditioning.

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Test your knowledge about classical conditioning with these flashcards from Psychology Chapter 4. This quiz covers key concepts and examples to help reinforce your understanding of learning mechanisms. Perfect for reviewing before exams!