Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT one of the Four D’s commonly used to define abnormal behavior?
Which of the following is NOT one of the Four D’s commonly used to define abnormal behavior?
- Dysfunction
- Disillusionment (correct)
- Danger
- Deviance
What is a significant critique of diagnosing psychological disorders using the DSM?
What is a significant critique of diagnosing psychological disorders using the DSM?
- It provides an outdated description of mental illnesses.
- It defines a clear boundary between normal behavior and disorders.
- It may label individuals as disordered too liberally. (correct)
- It considers cultural context too rigidly.
In the context of psychological disorders, what does the term 'dysfunction' refer to?
In the context of psychological disorders, what does the term 'dysfunction' refer to?
- A risk of harm to others
- Extreme emotional upheaval
- Interference with daily functioning (correct)
- Behaviors that align with cultural norms
Which of the following statements about psychological disorders is accurate?
Which of the following statements about psychological disorders is accurate?
How does the DSM-V classify mental disorders?
How does the DSM-V classify mental disorders?
What factor is linked with impulsivity and aggression in individuals with antisocial personality disorder?
What factor is linked with impulsivity and aggression in individuals with antisocial personality disorder?
Which statement about antisocial personality disorder is true?
Which statement about antisocial personality disorder is true?
Which component is specifically linked to borderline personality disorder?
Which component is specifically linked to borderline personality disorder?
Which type of therapy focuses on understanding and changing behavior, thinking, relationships, and emotions?
Which type of therapy focuses on understanding and changing behavior, thinking, relationships, and emotions?
What is a common reason that people do not seek psychological help despite needing it?
What is a common reason that people do not seek psychological help despite needing it?
What medication is commonly used as an anti-anxiety drug?
What medication is commonly used as an anti-anxiety drug?
Which type of antidepressants is known to increase serotonin levels?
Which type of antidepressants is known to increase serotonin levels?
What is a potential side effect of drug therapy for bipolar disorder?
What is a potential side effect of drug therapy for bipolar disorder?
Which therapy aims to uncover the unconscious thoughts and inner conflicts of the patient?
Which therapy aims to uncover the unconscious thoughts and inner conflicts of the patient?
What is the function of 'free association' in psychodynamic therapy?
What is the function of 'free association' in psychodynamic therapy?
Which procedure is a noninvasive method used to treat depression by stimulating the brain?
Which procedure is a noninvasive method used to treat depression by stimulating the brain?
What is the main goal of biological therapy?
What is the main goal of biological therapy?
What is a strong criticism of biological treatments?
What is a strong criticism of biological treatments?
What type of therapy assists clients in releasing repressed emotions?
What type of therapy assists clients in releasing repressed emotions?
What is a primary biological factor associated with PTSD?
What is a primary biological factor associated with PTSD?
Which symptom is considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Which symptom is considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
What characterizes dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
What characterizes dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
What is a common misconception about antisocial personality disorder?
What is a common misconception about antisocial personality disorder?
Which cognitive symptom is associated with schizophrenia?
Which cognitive symptom is associated with schizophrenia?
What type of somatic symptom disorder involves excessive concern without any physical symptoms?
What type of somatic symptom disorder involves excessive concern without any physical symptoms?
What is a defining feature of conversion disorder?
What is a defining feature of conversion disorder?
Which personality disorder is characterized primarily by dramatic and impulsive behaviors?
Which personality disorder is characterized primarily by dramatic and impulsive behaviors?
What neurological factor is commonly associated with schizophrenia?
What neurological factor is commonly associated with schizophrenia?
Which of the following disorders involves the absence of healthy behaviors?
Which of the following disorders involves the absence of healthy behaviors?
What role does the amygdala play in OCD?
What role does the amygdala play in OCD?
Which explanation best describes the origin of somatic symptom disorders?
Which explanation best describes the origin of somatic symptom disorders?
What is the significance of excessive health-related anxiety in somatic symptom disorders?
What is the significance of excessive health-related anxiety in somatic symptom disorders?
What does the neuroscience model attribute abnormal functioning to?
What does the neuroscience model attribute abnormal functioning to?
Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of major depressive disorder?
Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of major depressive disorder?
What is a common explanation for generalized anxiety disorder according to cognitive-behavioral theorists?
What is a common explanation for generalized anxiety disorder according to cognitive-behavioral theorists?
Bipolar disorder is characterized by which primary mood states?
Bipolar disorder is characterized by which primary mood states?
What risk factor contributes to the developmental psychopathology approach?
What risk factor contributes to the developmental psychopathology approach?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
What is the term for when children can begin from different backgrounds but end up with the same outcome in developmental psychopathology?
What is the term for when children can begin from different backgrounds but end up with the same outcome in developmental psychopathology?
Which explanation is commonly associated with the onset of phobias?
Which explanation is commonly associated with the onset of phobias?
What is the main focus of cognitive-behavioral approaches in treating abnormal behavior?
What is the main focus of cognitive-behavioral approaches in treating abnormal behavior?
What is the estimated prevalence of major depressive disorder in Canadians per year?
What is the estimated prevalence of major depressive disorder in Canadians per year?
Which statement best describes a panic disorder?
Which statement best describes a panic disorder?
What cognitive distortion is commonly associated with depression according to cognitive-behavioral theorists?
What cognitive distortion is commonly associated with depression according to cognitive-behavioral theorists?
What is a typical duration pattern for bipolar disorder mood episodes?
What is a typical duration pattern for bipolar disorder mood episodes?
Which of the following conditions is classified under anxiety disorders?
Which of the following conditions is classified under anxiety disorders?
What is the primary focus of behavior therapies?
What is the primary focus of behavior therapies?
What type of conditioning does systematic desensitization primarily utilize?
What type of conditioning does systematic desensitization primarily utilize?
Which therapy is characterized by identifying irrational behaviors and their emotional consequences?
Which therapy is characterized by identifying irrational behaviors and their emotional consequences?
What is a primary criticism of behavior therapies?
What is a primary criticism of behavior therapies?
Which type of cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes acceptance of thoughts?
Which type of cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes acceptance of thoughts?
What key attribute is essential in Rogers' client-centered therapy?
What key attribute is essential in Rogers' client-centered therapy?
The method of flooding in behavior therapy involves:
The method of flooding in behavior therapy involves:
What is one significant advantage of cognitive-behavioral therapies?
What is one significant advantage of cognitive-behavioral therapies?
What is a limitation noted in researching the effectiveness of therapy?
What is a limitation noted in researching the effectiveness of therapy?
What is the role of tokens in token economies?
What is the role of tokens in token economies?
Which psychological approach emphasizes self-acceptance and responsibility for choices?
Which psychological approach emphasizes self-acceptance and responsibility for choices?
What is one method used in Gestalt therapy?
What is one method used in Gestalt therapy?
What common issue is associated with cognitive-behavioral therapy according to its critics?
What common issue is associated with cognitive-behavioral therapy according to its critics?
What factor can significantly impact the effectiveness of therapy?
What factor can significantly impact the effectiveness of therapy?
Flashcards
Deviance
Deviance
Thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that deviate from accepted cultural norms. For example, hearing voices when no one else is around.
Danger
Danger
Behaviors that increase the risk of harm to oneself or others. For example, self-harm or aggressive actions.
Distress
Distress
Intense negative emotional reactions that are out of proportion to the situation. For example, experiencing extreme anxiety in social situations.
Dysfunction
Dysfunction
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DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition)
DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition)
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Neuroscience Model
Neuroscience Model
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Psychodynamic Approach
Psychodynamic Approach
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Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
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Socio-cultural Approach
Socio-cultural Approach
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Developmental Psychopathology Approach
Developmental Psychopathology Approach
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Depression
Depression
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Mania
Mania
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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
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Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
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Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Social Anxiety Disorder
Social Anxiety Disorder
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Phobias
Phobias
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Panic Disorder
Panic Disorder
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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OCD - Compulsive Behaviour
OCD - Compulsive Behaviour
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Serotonin and OCD
Serotonin and OCD
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Orbitofrontal Cortex and OCD
Orbitofrontal Cortex and OCD
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PTSD - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
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Cortisol and PTSD
Cortisol and PTSD
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Amygdala and PTSD
Amygdala and PTSD
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Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
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Hallucinations in Schizophrenia
Hallucinations in Schizophrenia
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Delusions in Schizophrenia
Delusions in Schizophrenia
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Dopamine and Schizophrenia
Dopamine and Schizophrenia
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Somatic Symptom Disorder
Somatic Symptom Disorder
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Conversion Disorder
Conversion Disorder
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Dissociative Disorder
Dissociative Disorder
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
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Personality Disorders
Personality Disorders
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Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy
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Biological therapy
Biological therapy
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Psychotropic drugs
Psychotropic drugs
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Anti-anxiety drugs
Anti-anxiety drugs
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Antidepressants
Antidepressants
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Mood stabilizers
Mood stabilizers
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Antipsychotics
Antipsychotics
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
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Vagus nerve stimulation
Vagus nerve stimulation
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Psychodynamic therapies
Psychodynamic therapies
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Free association
Free association
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Dream interpretation
Dream interpretation
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Resistance
Resistance
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Transference
Transference
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Catharsis
Catharsis
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Behaviour Therapy
Behaviour Therapy
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Systematic Desensitization
Systematic Desensitization
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Flooding
Flooding
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Aversion Therapy
Aversion Therapy
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Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy
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Cognitive Restructuring
Cognitive Restructuring
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Roger's Client-Centered Therapy
Roger's Client-Centered Therapy
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Gestalt Therapy
Gestalt Therapy
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Empirically Supported Treatment
Empirically Supported Treatment
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Randomized Clinical Trial
Randomized Clinical Trial
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Client's Ability to Understand Internal States
Client's Ability to Understand Internal States
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Eclecticism in Therapy
Eclecticism in Therapy
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Client's Openness to Therapy
Client's Openness to Therapy
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Therapist Variables
Therapist Variables
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Study Notes
What is Abnormal?
- Abnormal psychology = scientific study of psychological disorders
- No single agreed-upon definition
- Most definitions refer to the Four D's:
- Deviance: thoughts/emotions outside cultural norms
- Danger: behaviour increasing risk of injury
- Distress: intense negative emotional reaction
- Dysfunction: behaviour interfering with daily functioning
- Diagnosing psychological disorders:
- Diagnosis aids treatment decision-making and understanding symptom causes.
- Classifying psychological disorders:
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V) is the most comprehensive description of mental disorders with diagnostic criteria.
- Assumes disorders are comparable to physical illnesses.
- DSM-V uses five axes to describe a person and their life situation.
- Critiques of diagnosing with DSM:
- DSM may classify too many people as disordered.
- The boundaries between diagnoses are often arbitrary.
- Defining disorders involves subjective value judgments.
Models of Abnormal Behaviour
- Neuroscience model:
- Attributes abnormal functioning to brain structure/biochemical malfunctions
- Includes genetic inheritance, abnormal neurotransmitter levels, viral infections, hormones, and brain structure abnormalities.
- Psychodynamic approaches:
- Attribute abnormal functioning to unconscious conflicts, often from childhood.
- Emphasizes defense mechanisms and fixations.
- Cognitive-behavioral approaches:
- Attribute abnormal functioning to learned conditioning/modeling, and cognitive processes.
- Includes behavioral perspective (classical and operant conditioning) and cognitive perspective (maladaptive thinking, selective perception, magnification, overgeneralization).
- Socio-cultural approaches:
- Attributes abnormal functioning to societal, cultural, social, and family pressures.
- Relates functioning to factors like social change, socio-economic class, social networks, and family systems.
- Developmental psychopathology approach:
- Links abnormal functioning to early risk factors and poor resilience across life stages.
- Focuses on risk factors (biological and environmental) and resilience (ability to recover from negative circumstances).
- Emphasizes equifinality (different starting points leading to the same outcome) and multifinality (same starting point leading to different outcomes).
Mood Disorders
- Mood disorders involve distinct states:
- Depression: low, sad state; common in mood disorders. Major depressive disorder is severe than dysthymic disorder.
- Mania: elated, frenzied state; common in bipolar disorder.
- Major depressive disorder (MDD):
- Characterized by a severely disabling depressed mood. Not caused by specific medical conditions or drugs.
- Bipolar disorder:
- Alternating periods of depression and mania.
- Symptoms of MDD: emotional, motivational, behavioural, cognitive, and physical. Examples include depressed mood, loss of interest, reduced activity/productivity, negative self-evaluation, thoughts of suicide, sleep/eating disturbances.
- Explanations for MDD:
- Genetics, brain activity and structure, and brain chemistry (e.g., reduced serotonin).
- Explanations for Bipolar Disorder include genetics, neural function irregularities, stress, and life events.
Anxiety Disorders
- Anxiety disorders involve intense fear/nervousness disproportionate to the situation. Six types:
- Generalized anxiety disorder
- Social anxiety disorder
- Phobias
- Panic disorder
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- Generalized anxiety disorder:
- Persistent, free-floating worry affecting daily functioning.
- Explanations involve cognitive behavioral theories (assumption of danger, intolerance of uncertainty) and neuroscientific theories (malfunctioning GABA system, emotional circuits).
- Social anxiety disorder:
- Intense fear of social embarrassment.
- Often begins in childhood/adolescence, more prevalent in women and lower socio-economic groups.
- Phobias:
- Strong, irrational fears of objects/situations.
- Commonly develop in childhood/adolescence, often involve avoidance behaviours.
- Panic disorder:
- Sudden, intense anxiety attacks.
- Explanations involve brain circuitry, excess norepinephrine, and misinterpretation of physical sensations.
- OCD:
- Repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and behaviours (compulsions) to relieve anxiety.
- Explanations involve learning that compulsive behaviour relieves distress and low serotonin activity.
- PTSD:
- Persistent anxiety/depression after a traumatic event.
- Explanations involve biological factors (increased cortisol/norepinephrine, damaged brain structures), personality factors, and social support.
Schizophrenia
- Schizophrenia is a mental disorder featuring disorganized thoughts, detachment from reality, and hallucinations.
- Most characteristic symptoms:
- Hallucinations (altered perception) and delusions (unrealistic beliefs), disorganized behavior, loose associations/derailment
- Types of symptoms:
- Positive (pathological excess in behavior like delusions, disorganized thinking/speech, hallucinations, inappropriate affect)
- Negative (pathological deficit in behavior like lack of speech/flat affect/loss of volition/social withdrawal)
- Cognitive (impairment in cognitive function, e.g., problems with memory, executive functioning)
- Psychomotor (abnormal movements, e.g., odd gestures)
- Onset: late adolescence/early adulthood (later for women than men).
- Prevalence: about 1% of the population.
- Explanations: genetics, abnormal brain structure (smaller temporal/frontal lobes, larger ventricles), and biochemical abnormalities (excess dopamine).
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
- Characterized by excessive thoughts, feelings, & behaviours related to somatic symptoms (physical symptoms). Individuals experience symptoms but don’t have a medical explanation.
- Types: somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder, psychological factors affecting other medical conditions, factitious disorder.
- Criteria: one or more somatic symptoms, significant disruption of daily life, excessive health anxiety and time devoted to symptoms, concern lasting 6+ months.
- Explanations often link these disorders to learned fears, misinterpretations of bodily sensations, and cultural perspectives.
Dissociative Disorders
- Dissociation is a separation of conscious awareness from thoughts, memories, bodily sensations, or feelings.
- Types: dissociative amnesia, depersonalization/derealization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder (DID).
- Explanations: repression, coping with abuse, learned avoidance of stressful experiences, and social influence.
Personality Disorders
- Personality disorders involve stable, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
- Clusters: dramatic/impulsive (e.g., antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic), anxiety/fearfulness (e.g., avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive), and odd/eccentric (e.g., paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal).
- Antisocial personality disorder:
- Lack of conscience/empathy, disregard for other's rights.
- Explanations include modelling, operant conditioning, lower serotonin levels, and deficient frontal lobe functioning.
- Borderline personality disorder:
- Extreme mood swings, unstable self-image, impulsivity.
- Explanations include biosocial factors.
Therapy
-
Psychotherapy: interactive experience with a trained professional to understand/change behavior, thinking, relationships, and emotions.
-
Biological therapy: uses medications/procedures on the body to reduce symptoms (drug therapy, ECT, psychosurgery).
-
Drug therapy uses psychotropic drugs (e.g., anti-anxiety, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics).
-
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) sends electric current through the brain to treat depression.
-
Psychosurgery involves removing or destroying brain tissue (least used).
-
Cognitive-behavioural therapies (CBT): Focus on problem thoughts and behaviors, employing behavioral skills and cognitive restructuring. Includes Ellis' Rational-Emotive Therapy, Beck's Cognitive Therapy, and second-wave CBTs.
-
Humanistic/existential therapies: Focus on self-acceptance/responsibility and include Rogers' Person-Centered Therapy and Gestalt Therapy.
-
Effectiveness of therapy: Research supports therapy's overall effectiveness, with particular therapies (e.g., behavioural, cognitive-behavioral) showing success for certain issues. Client and therapist variables directly impact treatment success.
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Description
Test your understanding of abnormal behavior as defined in psychology. This quiz covers key concepts such as the Four D’s of abnormality, critiques of diagnostics, and classifications in the DSM-V. Engage with statements and definitions to solidify your knowledge of psychological disorders.
