Historical Context of Abnormal Behavior
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Questions and Answers

What is a common cause of fainting known as vasovagal syncope?

  • Overreaction of the sinoaortic baroreflex arc (correct)
  • Sudden emotional distress
  • Internal bleeding
  • Low blood pressure due to dehydration

    • Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a disorder that can lead to physical disability.

    False

    What are the two types of chromosomes that determine an individual's sex?

    Sex chromosomes

    In shaping, behaviors are reinforced through ___________ to reach a final behavior.

    <p>successive approximations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions or terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Vasovagal syncope = Common cause of fainting PKU = Disorder caused by inability to metabolize phenylalanine Dominant gene = Influences a particular trait strongly Chromosomes = Structures that carry genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major function of the first 22 pairs of chromosomes?

    <p>Carry genetic information for body and brain development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A dominant gene requires two copies to determine a trait.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'syncope' refer to?

    <p>A sinking feeling or swoon caused by low blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of psychological disorders?

    <p>Atypical or culturally unexpected reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A phobia can be classified as a psychological disorder.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'psychological dysfunction' refer to?

    <p>Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A greater deviation from cultural norms implies a __________ level of abnormality.

    <p>higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Psychological Disorder = Associated with distress or impairment in functioning Phobia = Marked and persistent fear of an object or situation DSM-5 = Diagnostic criteria for psychological disorders Cultural Norms = Expected behaviors within a society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates a psychological disorder?

    <p>Response that deviates from cultural norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pain is not a factor in the definition of psychological disorders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DSM-5 stand for?

    <p>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three dominant traditions mentioned in the context of abnormal behavior?

    <p>Supernatural, Biological, Psychological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute onset disorders develop gradually over an extended period.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the anticipated course of a disorder?

    <p>prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the last quarter of the 14th century, society began to believe more strongly in the existence of __________ as a cause of deviant behavior.

    <p>demons and witches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following courses of disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Chronic course = Disorder lasts a long time, potentially a lifetime Episodic course = Individual recovers within a few months but may relapse Time-limited course = Disorder improves without treatment in a short period Acute onset = Disorder begins suddenly and unexpectedly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'guarded' prognosis signify?

    <p>The likely outcome is uncertain or poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Supernatural Tradition viewed deviant behavior as a reflection of internal psychological issues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were common treatments during the Supernatural Tradition's belief system?

    <p>Exorcism, torture, beatings, and crude surgeries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gene must be paired with another recessive gene to determine a trait?

    <p>Recessive gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Huntington's disease is a dominant genetic disorder that manifests in early middle age.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the human genome?

    <p>An individual's complete set of genes, consisting of more than 20,000 genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another is called the ______.

    <p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following genetic concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Dominant gene = A gene that expresses a trait when paired with a recessive gene Recessive gene = A gene that must be paired with another recessive gene to express a trait Polygenic = Influenced by many genes, each contributing a small effect Quantitative genetics = Summarizes effects across many genes without pinpointing specific ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain area is primarily affected in Huntington's disease?

    <p>Basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecular genetics examines the behavior of entire populations rather than individual genes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ transmits impulses away from the neuron.

    <p>axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is known for its role in mood regulation and is often associated with depression?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diathesis–stress model explains how genetic predispositions can lead to mental health disorders only due to environmental stressors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical messenger is produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ system is responsible for regulatory hormones produced by the pituitary gland.

    <p>endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is commonly associated with anxiety disorders?

    <p>Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following glands with their functions:

    <p>Adrenal glands = Produce epinephrine Thyroid gland = Facilitates energy metabolism Pituitary gland = Master gland producing regulatory hormones Gonadal glands = Produce sex hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stress and nutrition can have an impact on an individual's epigenome.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself?

    <p>Epigenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context

    • Atypical behavior is defined as reactions that fall outside cultural norms, highlighting psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment.
    • Psychological disorder encompasses a psychological dysfunction that leads to distress, impairment, or behavior not typical or culturally expected.
    • Phobia is a specific disorder marked by persistent fear of objects or situations, resulting in significant distress.

    Understanding Psychological Disorders

    • Psychological dysfunction signifies a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
    • DSM-5 provides diagnostic criteria indicating unexpected behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions tied to cultural context and associated with distress.
    • Individual patterns of disorders can be chronic, episodic, or time-limited, influencing treatment and prognosis.

    Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior

    • Key historical traditions in understanding abnormal behavior include:
      • Supernatural model: Deviant behavior viewed as a battle between good and evil, with treatments like exorcism.
      • Biological model: Societal beliefs evolving to recognize natural causes over superstition.
      • Psychological model: Understanding behavior through psychological theories and treatments.

    Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology

    • Genes, composed of DNA within chromosomes, contribute to the manifestation of traits and disorders.
    • Dominant and recessive gene interactions can predict the likelihood of traits such as eye color or disorders like Huntington's disease.
    • Huntington's disease manifests in middle age, affecting personality, cognitive functioning, and motor control.

    Interaction of Genes and the Environment

    • Learning influences genetic structure, leading to changes in behavior and potential activation of dormant genes.
    • The diathesis-stress model suggests individuals inherit tendencies that may be activated under stress, contributing to psychological disorders.
    • Epigenetics examines how environmental factors can persistently affect gene expression across generations.

    Neurotransmitters and Endocrine Functions

    • Major neurotransmitters associated with psychopathology include norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and glutamate, with imbalances linked to various disorders.
    • The endocrine system, with glands like the adrenal and thyroid glands, produces hormones such as cortisol and thyroxine that affect energy metabolism and stress responses.
    • The pituitary gland functions as a master gland, regulating various hormones critical for growth and stress responses.

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    Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context PDF

    Description

    Explore the definitions and historical views of abnormal behavior and psychological disorders. This quiz delves into concepts such as atypical behavior, phobias, and the diagnostic criteria set forth by the DSM-5. Gain insights into how cultural standards influence the perception of psychological dysfunction.

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