Psychology Chapter 3: Similarity of Senses

Similarity of Senses

• Identity of senses refers to the relationship between two words that have the same meaning, such as "Rich" and "Wealthy".
• Synonymy is the relationship between two words that have the same meaning, but not necessarily the same connotation.

Synonymy

• Two words are synonyms if they can be replaced with each other in a sentence without changing the meaning.
• There are two tests for synonymy: replacement and mutual inclusion.
• Synonymy is not always complete, and it's dependent on the basic meaning of the words.
• Synonymy is a mutual relation between two words, and it's not limited to words with exactly the same meaning.
• Synonyms must belong to the same part of speech, except in some cases where a verb can be synonymous with a noun.

Paraphrase

• A paraphrase is a restatement of a sentence or phrase that has the same meaning as the original.
• There are two ways to form paraphrases: using synonymy and using transformation.
• Paraphrases are always equally true or false, and they have the same truth value.
• Paraphrases have a mutual relation, meaning that if S1 is equivalent to S2, then S2 is also equivalent to S1.

Hyponymy

• Hyponymy is a relationship between two words where one word is a kind of the other, such as "Lion" and "Animal".
• The higher-level word is called the superordinate, and the lower-level word is called the hyponym.
• Hyponymy is a one-direction relation, meaning that a lion is a kind of animal, but an animal is not a kind of lion.

Entailment

• Entailment is a relationship between two sentences where one sentence implies the truth of the other.
• The truth of the first sentence entails the truth of the second sentence, but the falsity of the first sentence does not entail the falsity of the second sentence.
• Entailment is a one-direction relation, meaning that S1 implies S2, but S2 does not imply S1.
• Cumulative entailment occurs when multiple sentences are entailed, such as S1 → S2 and S2 → S3, then S1 → S3.

Relations between Concepts

• Synonymy and hyponymy are related, as if A is a hyponym of B and B is a hyponym of A, then A and B are synonyms.
• Entailment and paraphrase are related, as if S1 entails S2 and S2 entails S1, then S1 and S2 are paraphrases.
• Entailment and hyponymy are related, as if A is a hyponym of B, then A entails B.