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Questions and Answers
Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?
Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?
A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.
A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.
Mental Set
A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.
A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.
Morpheme
________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.
________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.
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Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.
Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.
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In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.
In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.
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From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.
From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.
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The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.
The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.
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Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?
Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?
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Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?
Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?
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From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as 'I see.'
From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as 'I see.'
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Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.
Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.
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Not all aspects of cognition are ________.
Not all aspects of cognition are ________.
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Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?
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Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?
Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?
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A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.
A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.
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Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.
Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.
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A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script.
A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script.
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What is confirmation bias?
What is confirmation bias?
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A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.
A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.
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An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.
An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.
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Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
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Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.
Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.
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Which researchers suggested that language determines thought?
Which researchers suggested that language determines thought?
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Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?
Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?
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Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.
Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.
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After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.
After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.
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Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
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Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.
Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.
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Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________.
Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________.
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Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?
Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?
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The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.
The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.
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Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?
Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?
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The following sentence misuses the word accept: 'I'll take all the cupcakes accept the one with cream cheese icing.' Which part of language involves knowing the proper use of the word accept?
The following sentence misuses the word accept: 'I'll take all the cupcakes accept the one with cream cheese icing.' Which part of language involves knowing the proper use of the word accept?
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Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?
Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?
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Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.
Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.
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Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, 'A Bear in the Woods,' and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, 'A Bear in the Woods,' and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
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Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.
Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.
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Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.
Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.
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Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.
Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.
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Which of the following is a criticism of the Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf research on language?
Which of the following is a criticism of the Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf research on language?
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Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?
Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?
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Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false?
Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false?
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Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities ________.
Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities ________.
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Schemata are a(an) ________.
Schemata are a(an) ________.
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Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they ________.
Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they ________.
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'A prototype is a category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences.'
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'A prototype is a category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences.'
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Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?
Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?
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Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
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Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?
Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?
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Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.
Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'Arthur Jensen theorized that Level I intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level II intelligence is responsible for rote memorization.'
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'Arthur Jensen theorized that Level I intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level II intelligence is responsible for rote memorization.'
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What is the Flynn effect?
What is the Flynn effect?
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The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is ________.
The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is ________.
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What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.
What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.
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Which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics?
Which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics?
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Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?
Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?
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What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, 'How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?'
What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, 'How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?'
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Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false?
Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false?
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.'
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? 'Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.'
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Study Notes
Language and Cognition
- The lexicon refers to the vocabulary of a language.
- Morphemes are the smallest language units conveying meaning.
- Semantics is the process of deriving meaning from morphemes and words.
- Phonemes signify the basic sound units of a language.
- Language is a communication system using rules to organize words for information transmission.
Cognitive Processes
- A mental set is an approach to problem-solving based on past strategies, even when they become ineffective.
- Functional fixedness is a specific type of mental set where an object is perceived only for its intended use.
- Individuals integrate, organize, and utilize cognitive experiences, often without awareness of unconscious brain processes.
- Not all cognitive aspects are consciously experienced.
Intelligence Theories
- The triarchic theory of intelligence, developed by Sternberg, includes analytical, creative, and practical components.
- Analytical intelligence involves the ability to analyze, evaluate, and compare information.
- Creative intelligence is evident when inventing solutions, such as utilizing unexpected resources.
- Fluid intelligence pertains to problem-solving in unfamiliar situations, while crystallized intelligence involves knowledge acquired over time.
- Gardner's multiple intelligences propose various areas of intelligence, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, and spatial.
Psychological Concepts
- Schemas are cognitive constructs that organize related concepts; they help the brain process information efficiently.
- Event schemata (or cognitive scripts) are automatic and difficult to change.
- Confirmation bias involves focusing on information that supports pre-existing beliefs.
- Representational bias causes assumptions based on stereotypes, impacting perception and judgment.
Learning Disabilities and Intelligence
- Learning disabilities, such as dyslexia (difficulty with reading/spelling) and dysgraphia (difficulty with writing), affect cognitive processing and expression.
- Individuals diagnosed with ADHD often exhibit learning disabilities concurrently.
- Children in poverty may underperform on intelligence tests due to heightened stress affecting brain development.
Language Acquisition
- Children typically start using simple sentences around 18-24 months.
- A child's early language development can be impacted by environmental factors, such as isolation, which can hinder grammatical mastery.
Historical and Cultural Context
- The Flynn effect observes that each generation exhibits significantly higher IQ scores than the previous one.
- Research by Sapir and Whorf proposed that language influences thought, though it faced criticism for lacking empirical support.
- Cultural factors can affect cognitive processes, such as the prevalence of functional fixedness across different societies.
Other Cognitive Phenomena
- Hindsight bias refers to believing an event was predictable after it occurs.
- Anchoring bias occurs when individuals focus disproportionately on a single piece of information.
- To understand new concepts, natural concepts can form via direct or indirect experience.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts of language and cognition. This quiz covers essential topics such as the lexicon, morphemes, semantics, and various cognitive processes like mental sets and functional fixedness. Explore intelligence theories, including Sternberg's triarchic theory, to deepen your understanding of these intricate subjects.
