Podcast
Questions and Answers
What describes the process of automatically making judgments without awareness?
What describes the process of automatically making judgments without awareness?
- Reflective thinking
- Controlled thinking
- Deliberate thinking
- Impulsive thinking (correct)
What term is used to describe the phenomenon where misleading information affects one’s memory of an event?
What term is used to describe the phenomenon where misleading information affects one’s memory of an event?
- Misinformation effect (correct)
- Memory enhancement
- Memory decay
- Schema distortion
Which of the following statements best refers to the limitations of our unconscious processing?
Which of the following statements best refers to the limitations of our unconscious processing?
- It enables us to remember every detail accurately.
- It does not influence our emotional reactions.
- It allows for completely unbiased decisions.
- It limits our access to the processes in our minds. (correct)
How is memory described in relation to the brain?
How is memory described in relation to the brain?
What happens when an individual lacks expertise but must make a quick decision?
What happens when an individual lacks expertise but must make a quick decision?
What is belief perseverance?
What is belief perseverance?
How do depressed moods affect perception according to the content?
How do depressed moods affect perception according to the content?
What effect do subliminal stimuli have on belief and interpretation?
What effect do subliminal stimuli have on belief and interpretation?
What is suggested as a remedy for belief perseverance?
What is suggested as a remedy for belief perseverance?
How do beliefs shape our interpretation of events?
How do beliefs shape our interpretation of events?
What role does mood play in the perception of past experiences?
What role does mood play in the perception of past experiences?
How does exposure to violence influence interpretations of behavior?
How does exposure to violence influence interpretations of behavior?
In what way do preconceptions benefit intuitive judgments?
In what way do preconceptions benefit intuitive judgments?
What does the representativeness heuristic involve?
What does the representativeness heuristic involve?
What is the primary focus of attribution theory?
What is the primary focus of attribution theory?
What does the availability heuristic rely on?
What does the availability heuristic rely on?
What is an example of a dispositional attribution?
What is an example of a dispositional attribution?
How does counterfactual thinking differ from regular thinking?
How does counterfactual thinking differ from regular thinking?
What does spontaneous trait inference refer to?
What does spontaneous trait inference refer to?
What is a potential consequence of using the representativeness heuristic?
What is a potential consequence of using the representativeness heuristic?
Which best describes situational attribution?
Which best describes situational attribution?
What is illusory correlation?
What is illusory correlation?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence attributions according to Harold Kelley's theory?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence attributions according to Harold Kelley's theory?
What does the 'illusion of control' imply?
What does the 'illusion of control' imply?
What is the primary focus of the fundamental attribution error?
What is the primary focus of the fundamental attribution error?
How do moods affect social judgment?
How do moods affect social judgment?
What does regression toward the average suggest?
What does regression toward the average suggest?
What does the Rosenthal effect illustrate?
What does the Rosenthal effect illustrate?
What role do social judgments play in everyday thinking?
What role do social judgments play in everyday thinking?
What describes the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs?
What describes the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs?
What is the remedy suggested to reduce overconfidence?
What is the remedy suggested to reduce overconfidence?
Which cognitive bias involves recalling mild pleasant events more positively than they were?
Which cognitive bias involves recalling mild pleasant events more positively than they were?
Which of the following is an example of how misjudgment can occur due to cognitive mechanisms?
Which of the following is an example of how misjudgment can occur due to cognitive mechanisms?
Which technique encourages individuals to consider why their judgments might be wrong?
Which technique encourages individuals to consider why their judgments might be wrong?
What is the primary focus of confirmation bias?
What is the primary focus of confirmation bias?
Which of the following phenomena illustrates planning fallacy?
Which of the following phenomena illustrates planning fallacy?
What defines heuristics in the context of cognitive processing?
What defines heuristics in the context of cognitive processing?
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Study Notes
Heuristics and Cognitive Biases
- Representativeness heuristic: Assumes an individual belongs to a group based on resemblance to typical members, often ignoring statistical odds.
- Availability heuristic: Judgess the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind, leading to potential misjudgment of frequency.
Attribution Theory
- Dispositional attribution: Assigning behavior to personal traits or characteristics.
- Situational attribution: Attributing behavior to external environmental factors.
- Fundamental attribution error: Observers tend to underestimate situational influences while overestimating dispositional influences in others' behavior.
Thinking and Mood Influences
- Mood influences cognitive processing; distractions can lead to superficial judgments, while good or bad moods affect memory recall and interpretation of events.
- Priming effects can occur even with subliminal stimuli, affecting how beliefs shape our perception of events.
Memory and Reconstruction
- Misinformation effect: Incorporating misleading information into one's memory after an event.
- Rosy retrospection: Tendency to remember mildly positive experiences more favorably than they occurred.
- Confirmation bias: Seeking information that confirms preconceptions, reinforcing existing beliefs.
Cognitive Errors and Overconfidence
- Overconfidence phenomenon: Individuals often overestimate the accuracy of their beliefs and judgments, which can lead to errors.
- Remedies for overconfidence include prompt feedback and breaking tasks into smaller components to evaluate potential flaws.
Social Judgment and Error-Prone Cognition
- Heuristics: Simple and efficient strategies for problem-solving, although can lead to cognitive biases and misjudgments.
- Illusory correlation: Incorrect perception of a relationship or a stronger relationship than exists.
- Illusion of control: The belief that one can influence outcomes that are actually determined by chance.
Social Influences on Perception
- Harold Kelley’s attribution theory considers consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus to determine behavioral attribution.
- Expectations can significantly influence performance outcomes, exemplified by the Rosenthal effect, where high expectations lead to improved performance.
Counterfactual and Trait Inferences
- Counterfactual thinking: Imagining alternative scenarios that could have occurred, influencing emotional responses and judgments.
- Spontaneous trait inference: Automatic deduction of a person's traits based on their behavior without conscious awareness.
Importance of Beliefs and Expectations
- Belief perseverance: Holding onto beliefs despite contradictory evidence, often influenced by prior reasoning.
- Engaging in reflective thinking and considering opposing viewpoints can mitigate belief perseverance.
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