Psychology Chapter 3: Causal Factors
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Questions and Answers

Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned as influencing mental disorder risk?

  • Acetylcholine (correct)
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • Norepinephrine

    • Temperament is entirely determined by environmental factors.

    False

    Name the three components of the Structural Hypothesis in the psychodynamic perspective.

    Id, Ego, Superego

    The biological basis from which personality develops is called ______.

    <p>temperament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following dimensions of temperament with their descriptions:

    <p>Fearfulness = Tendency to withdraw from unfamiliar situations Irritability/Frustration = Difficulty in accepting boundaries Positive affect = General tendency to experience positive emotions Activity level = Amount of energy displayed in activities Attentional persistence = Ability to maintain focus over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the superego in human psychology?

    <p>It represents moral standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the five stages of psychosexual development.

    <p>Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, to increase behavior, a reward is presented through __________.

    <p>positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms to their correct definitions in behavioral psychology:

    <p>Unconditioned stimulus = Stimulus that naturally elicits a response Conditioned response = Learned response to a conditioned stimulus Negative reinforcement = Removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior Schedules of reinforcement = Timed patterns determining how often a behavior is reinforced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method to decrease behavior?

    <p>Punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schemas are always conscious and easily changeable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the process by which individuals learn indirectly through others?

    <p>Observational learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schemas serve as frames of reference or __________ of our worlds.

    <p>maps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Extinction = Removing reinforcements to decrease behavior Aversive conditioning = Punishing behavior to decrease its occurrence Modeling = Learning by imitating others Cognition = The process of thinking and information processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept behind bi-directional models in feedback systems?

    <p>A causes B and B causes A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stress in diathesis-stress models refers to the individual's ability to cope with demands.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cause increases the probability or risk of a disorder occurring?

    <p>Contributory cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the additive model in diathesis-stress theories represent?

    <p>D_A + S_V = Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A diathesis is a predisposition or vulnerability toward developing a particular __________.

    <p>disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sufficient cause can exist independently and trigger a disorder on its own.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Genotype = Total genetic inheritance Phenotype = Outcome of genotype and environment interaction Bi-directional model = A causes B and B causes A Diathesis = Predisposition towards a disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the four types of causal factors according to the pattern of PPPP.

    <p>Predisposing, Precipitating, Perpetuating, Aggravating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of models where A causes B is known as ______ causal models.

    <p>linear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following causal factors with their definitions:

    <p>Necessary cause = Must exist to produce a disorder Sufficient cause = Can trigger a disorder on its own Contributory cause = Increases probability of a disorder Protective factors = Lower risk of developing a disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Risk Factors and Causes of Abnormal Behaviour (BioPsychosocial)

    • Necessary Cause: A specific factor must be present to produce a mental disorder; seldom clear-cut in psychological contexts.
    • Sufficient Cause: A particular cause can independently trigger a disorder; other causes may also lead to the same condition.
    • Contributory Cause: A factor increases the likelihood of developing a disorder; this approach, framed as PPPP, outlines different causes:
      • Predisposing Factors: Vulnerabilities, such as biological makeup and early experiences that set the stage for potential disorders.
      • Precipitating Factors: Triggers, including stress and trauma, that can initiate disorder development.
      • Perpetuating Factors: Causes that maintain or exacerbate ongoing disorders.
    • Protective Factors: Attributes that foster resilience and lower disorder risk, e.g., strong social support and coping skills.

    Feedback and Bi-Directionality

    • Linear Causal Models: Simple cause-effect relationships, such as A causes B.
    • Bi-Directional Models: Interactive relationships, where A influences B, and B, in turn, affects A. For example, withdrawal may lead to perceived rejection.

    Diathesis-Stress Models

    • Diathesis: A predisposition towards developing specific disorders due to genetic or environmental factors.
    • Stress: Unique individual responses to challenging circumstances, potentially overwhelming personal resources.
    • Additive Model: Combines diathesis and stress factors to clarify disorder outcomes, focusing on their interactions.

    Biological Perspective

    • Mental Disorders: Seen as dysfunctions of the nervous systems or endocrine processes, potentially due to genetics or environmental influences.
    • Genetic Vulnerabilities:
      • Genotype: Complete genetic inheritance shaping individual traits.
      • Phenotype: Manifestation of genotype influenced by environmental interactions.
    • Neurotransmitter Imbalances: Disruptions in levels of key neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin) linked to increased mental health risks.
    • Secretions from Endocrine Glands: Hormonal imbalances from glands like the thyroid or adrenal can also heighten disorder risk.
    • Temperament: Innate behavioral tendencies evident from infancy, affecting personality development through dimensions like fearfulness and activity level.

    Psychological Perspective: Psychodynamic

    • Depth Hypothesis: The mind’s structure includes:
      • Conscious: Current awareness.
      • Preconscious: Easily accessible information.
      • Unconscious: Deep-seated thoughts not readily available.
    • Structural Hypothesis: The psyche consists of:
      • Id: Pleasure-driven component.
      • Ego: Reality-focused mediator.
      • Superego: Source of moral reasoning.
    • Conflict Dynamics: Struggles between these structures result in anxiety, resolved either rationally or through defense mechanisms like repression.

    Behavioral Perspective

    • Classical Conditioning: Learning through association, wherein a neutral stimulus becomes conditioned through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.
    • Operant Conditioning: Influencing behavior through its consequences, with reinforcement strategies to increase desired behaviors or punishment strategies to decrease undesired behaviors.
    • Observational Learning: Learning by watching others, which can include imitation and modeling of behaviors.

    Cognitive Behavioral Perspective

    • Our understanding and interaction with the world are shaped by cognitive processes.
    • Schemas: Cognitive frameworks developed from biological and psychosocial experiences that help interpret experiences; can be beneficial or detrimental and are often resistant to change.

    Additional Information

    • Self-study allowed for pages 114-129 for further exploration of topics.

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    Description

    Explore the various risk factors and causal elements that contribute to abnormal behavior in psychology. This chapter delves into necessary, sufficient, and contributory causes, providing a framework for understanding mental disorders from a BioPsychosocial perspective.

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