BPAD shoter oxford

According to Kraepelin, manic depressive psychosis is characterized by a long-term clinical course with a tendency to recurrence of mood disturbance.

Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder have distinct epidemiological differences with no overlap.

The division into unipolar and bipolar cases is a useless classification.

Mania is characterized by a decrease in activity and self-important ideas.

Leonhard et al. pointed out that unipolar depression tends to show a distinct familial clustering.

Bipolar disorder is characterized by at least one episode of depression or hypomania.

Mood elevation in mania is characterized by a gloomy and pessimistic attitude.

The clinical features of mania include elevation of mood, decreased activity, and self-important ideas.

Kraepelin's concept of manic depressive psychosis is still widely used today.

Patients with mania often experience a regular 'diurnal' rhythm of mood variation during the day.

Manic patients tend to be underactive and sluggish in their daily activities.

In patients with mania, appetite is typically decreased, and food is eaten slowly and carefully.

The speech of manic patients is often slow and hesitant, with long pauses between sentences.

Manic patients often have a flight of ideas that is difficult to follow, even when reviewed.

Delusions of persecution and grandiose delusions are common features of schizophrenia, but not typically seen in mania.

Schneiderian first-rank symptoms are typically present in the majority of manic patients.

Insight is usually preserved in manic patients, and they are aware of their need for treatment.

Hallucinations are rare in mania and are typically inconsistent with the mood.

Manic stupor is a condition characterized by rapid speech and rapid movements.

Patients with manic stupor are usually accessible and answer questions readily.

The criteria for manic episode in ICD-10 and DSM-5 are vastly different.

Hypomania is a state of elevated mood that is more severe than mania.

Psychotic features are always present in hypomanic episodes.

Mixed mood states are characterized by alternating episodes of depression and mania that occur over a long period of time.

Rapid cycling disorders are characterized by intervals of years between episodes.

Patients with manic stupor often neglect their personal hygiene and eating habits.

The term 'folie circulaire' was coined by Wilhelm Griesinger to describe rapid cycling disorders.

The lifetime risk of rapid cycling in bipolar populations is probably in the range 30–40%.

Cyclothymia is a severe variant of bipolar disorder.

All patients with bipolar disorder initially present with an episode of mania.

Psychotic features are less common in patients with bipolar disorder than in those with unipolar depression.

The rates of bipolar disorder are higher in white populations than in minority groups within a country.

In DSM-5, at least two episodes of mood disturbance are needed for the diagnosis of bipolar disorder.

Bipolar II disorder is characterized by the presence of at least one episode of mania and one episode of major depression.

Rapid cycling is a permanent phenomenon in bipolar disorder.

Concomitant hyperthyroidism is common in rapid cycling disorder.

Patients with definite depressive episodes may have features of bipolarity but meet the full DSM-5 criteria for mania or hypomania.

The diagnosis of ‘bipolar and related disorder’ can be made for patients who meet the full DSM-5 criteria for mania or hypomania.

The term bipolar spectrum is used exclusively in research settings.

The pharmacological treatment of bipolar depression is the same as that for patients with recurrent unipolar depression.

Research has shown that depressed patients in the ‘bipolar spectrum’ do better when treated as having bipolar depression rather than unipolar depression.

The DSM-5 criteria for mania or hypomania require elevations of mood that last for at least 7 days.

The diagnosis of bipolar and related disorder requires specifying the reasons why the full criteria for mania or hypomania fail to be met.

The distinction between unipolar and bipolar depression has no implications for treatment.

Goodwin et al. (2016) found that depressed patients in the ‘bipolar spectrum’ do better when treated as having bipolar depression.

Auditory hallucinations are never present in manic disorders.

A patient with a brain tumour can never be diagnosed with manic disorder.

Delusions of reference are characteristic of manic disorders but not of schizophrenia.

In older patients, a diagnosis of manic disorder should be made without considering organic brain disease.

The term schizoaffective is used when there is a clear distinction between manic and schizophrenic features.

A patient with a history of HIV infection can never be diagnosed with manic disorder.

In patients with manic disorder, extreme social disinhibition is always a sign of schizophrenia.

A patient with no past history of affective disorder cannot be diagnosed with manic disorder.

The distinction between mania and excited behaviour caused by drug misuse can be made based on the patient's symptoms alone.

Patients with bipolar II disorder often seek treatment for hypomanic episodes.

In patients with manic disorder, a careful personal and family psychiatric history is never helpful in diagnosis.

The prevalence of bipolar disorder is higher in men than in women.

First-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder have a decreased risk of recurrent unipolar depression.

The aetiology of bipolar disorder is mainly environmental.

Bipolar disorder is highly comorbid with anxiety disorders, but not with substance misuse.

Rapid cycling bipolar disorder is characterized by shifts in mood over years and months.

The diagnosis of bipolar disorder can be made solely based on the presence of symptoms of mania or hypomania in the past history.

The lifetime risk for bipolar disorder is in the range 10–20%.

The concordance rate for mood disorder in the monozygotic co-twin of a proband with bipolar disorder is around 40%.

The genetic liability to bipolar disorder results largely from the combined action of a single gene of large effect.

Molecular linkage studies of mood disorders have been particularly revealing and have led to the identification of several genes with large effects.

About 5 replicated loci have been identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in large numbers of bipolar patients.

The inherited risk of bipolar disorder is conferred by only a few genes of large effect.

A number of genes putatively involved in bipolar disorder impact on the activity of voltage-gated potassium channels.

Molecular genetic studies suggest a greater overlap in risk alleles between bipolar disorder and unipolar depression than for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

The concordance rates for bipolar disorder in monozygotic twins suggest that genetic factors are the only contributing factors to the pathophysiology of bipolar illness.

Most of the environmental factors identified thus far seem specific for bipolar disorder and do not confer risk of psychiatric disorder more generally.

Patients with bipolar disorder report similar rates of childhood sexual abuse as healthy controls.

Life events can trigger episodes of depression but not mania in bipolar patients.

Drugs that block dopamine receptors are commonly employed in the acute treatment of depression.

Studies of dopamine metabolism and function have provided strong direct evidence for overactivity of dopamine pathways in patients with manic illness.

Glutamate levels are typically decreased in bipolar patients.

Administration of exogenous corticosteroids in the treatment of general medical conditions can never give rise to an acute manic illness.

Cortisol hypersecretion is typically reported in patients with unipolar depression but not in patients with bipolar disorder.

Treatment with glucocorticoid antagonists has no beneficial effects on cognition in bipolar disorder.

Negative life events can only trigger episodes of depression, but not mania, in bipolar patients.

Lithium treatment has been shown to prevent postpartum psychosis in mothers.

Bipolar patients not taking lithium have been found to have higher hippocampal volumes compared to those with recurrent depression.

Functional imaging studies have shown that bipolar patients have a reduced range of neural dysregulation compared to unipolar depression.

Cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder are only present during acute illness episodes.

The predisposition to develop bipolar disorder has a minor genetic contribution.

Adverse early experiences, such as abuse, have no effect on the development of bipolar disorder.

Neuropathological changes in bipolar disorder are limited to the prefrontal cortex.

Euthymic bipolar patients have been found to have normal neural responses to positive emotional stimuli.

The lifetime risk for bipolar disorder is in the range of 1–5%.

Valproate has a later onset of activity compared to other mood stabilizers.

Benzodiazepines are primarily used as a sole therapy in the treatment of mania.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been shown to be ineffective in treating mixed affective states.

The average length of a manic episode is approximately 3 months.

Patients with bipolar disorder typically respond to pharmacological treatment for depression in the same way as patients with unipolar depression.

Unilateral and bilateral ECT have been shown to have significantly different efficacy rates in treating mania.

Valproate has been shown to be less effective than lithium in treating patients with rapid cycling.

Bipolar disorder typically begins as mania, with the first depressive episode manifesting about 5 years later.

Cardiovascular disease is a minor cause of increased mortality in bipolar patients.

The interval between episodes of major mood disturbance in bipolar patients becomes progressively longer with both age and the number of episodes.

Almost all patients with bipolar disorder experience mood-related symptomatology for more than half of the time.

Lithium is more effective than antipsychotic medication in the acute treatment of mania.

More than 50% of bipolar patients achieve a period of 5 years of clinical stability with good social and occupational performance.

Typical antipsychotic drugs have no limitations in the treatment of mania.

The average length of a manic episode is about 1 year.

Carbamazepine is not effective in the acute treatment of mania.

Bipolar disorder usually begins at around 25 years of age.

About 15% of men and 10% of women hospitalized for bipolar illness died by suicide over a 40-year follow-up.

The reduction in life expectancy in bipolar disorder is mainly due to suicide and accidents.

Late-onset bipolar disorder is a common phenomenon.

Before the advent of modern drug treatment, the mortality of mania in the hospital setting was less than 10%.

The combination of lithium and valproate was associated with the highest relapse rate in the BALANCE study.

Lamotrigine is licensed for the treatment of mood disorder in the UK.

Carbamazepine is more effective than lithium in 'classical' bipolar illness.

Typical antipsychotic drugs are effective in protecting against depression in bipolar patients.

The use of lithium in patients with recurrent mood disorders is associated with an increased risk of suicidal behavior.

Valproate is less effective than lithium in preventing manic relapse.

Lamotrigine has a clearer prophylactic effect against mania than depression in patients with bipolar illness.

There is evidence from randomized studies for the efficacy of olanzapine and quetiapine in the prevention of depression but not mania.

Cognitive behaviour therapy has been found to be highly effective in preventing relapse in bipolar disorder.

Family-focused therapy has been found to be effective in reducing hospitalizations and symptomatology in bipolar patients.

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy is based on interpersonal therapy and focuses on helping patients to maintain regular sleep-activity schedules.

Group psychoeducation has been shown to reduce relapse rates by over 50% in a 5-year follow-up period.

Psychotherapy has been extensively studied in bipolar patients and has been found to be highly effective in preventing relapse.

The design of randomized studies in bipolar disorder typically involves continuing antipsychotic treatment in patients who have not responded to short-term, open-label treatment.

Cognitive behavioural techniques may be valuable in helping patients to accept their illness and the need for medical treatment.

Family-based therapy aims to improve relationships and support for the patient within the family by utilizing psychoeducation and training in communication skills.

Structured psychotherapies in bipolar disorder have usually been directed to patients during acute episodes of mood disturbance.

Antidepressant treatment has been shown to be highly effective in bipolar depression, with a low risk of inducing mania.

Tricyclic antidepressants are thought to have a low risk of inducing mania in bipolar depressed patients.

Lithium has been shown to be highly effective in the acute treatment of bipolar depression.

Quetiapine has been shown to be highly effective in the treatment of bipolar depression, both as a monotherapy and in combination with fluoxetine.

Lamotrigine has been shown to be ineffective in the treatment of bipolar depression.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is not effective in the treatment of resistant depression in bipolar patients.

Folic acid has been shown to enhance the therapeutic effect of lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar depression.

Diagnosis of mania depends on a detailed physical examination of the patient.

Mildly disinhibited behavior can result from frontal lobe lesions and not from mania.

A urine screen for illegal substances is not necessary in the assessment of mania.

Manic patients are always able to recognize the extent of their abnormal behavior.

The severity of mania can be judged solely on the basis of the patient's self-report.

Life events never provoke the onset of manic illness.

Manic episodes can follow treatment with drugs, especially steroids or antidepressants.

A doctor's assessment of a patient with mania is always accurate and can never be misleading.

The assessment of mania involves only deciding on the diagnosis and assessing the severity of the disorder.

Differential diagnosis is not important in the assessment of mania.

Concomitant treatment with antipsychotic drugs is not needed when treating manic episodes

ECT is a commonly used treatment for mania and has a strong evidence base for its effectiveness

A sustained change to a depressive syndrome often requires no additional treatment

Lithium should be withdrawn quickly to prevent rebound mania

Antidepressant drugs are a first-line choice for the treatment of bipolar depression

Lamotrigine is ineffective in the treatment of bipolar depression and can induce mania

Bipolar depression is a rare phenomenon in bipolar illness

ECT may be helpful for mixed affective states in which depressive symptoms are not prominent

A careful watch should not be kept for symptoms of depressive disorder during treatment

Continuation treatment for mania is not necessary, and treatment can be withdrawn immediately after the patient has been asymptomatic

In all but the most severe cases, hospital admission is not advisable for patients with mania.

Supportive, reality-orientated psychotherapy is not an important element of treatment for manic patients.

Mood stabilizers are generally used as primary agents in the management of acute mania in the UK.

Lithium is typically used for mania with prominent dysphoric or mixed states.

Benzodiazepines are not used as an adjunct to reduce overactivity and permit sleep in manic patients.

If a patient presents with a manic episode and is already taking a mood stabilizer, the first step is to switch to a different mood stabilizer.

The therapeutic alliance with the manic patient is not an important goal of treatment.

Nursing staff do not play a key role in the management of manic patients in hospital.

Educational sessions are not important when the patient is more settled.

The patient's responsibilities with regard to the care of dependent children or at work are not considered in the management of mania.

Valproate is a safe option for women of childbearing age without any concerns.

Lamotrigine dosing does not need to be cautious when initiated in a patient taking valproate.

ECT is not effective in treating severe depressive symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder.

Structured psychotherapies have been widely studied in acute bipolar depression.

Long-term maintenance treatment with a mood stabilizer or an atypical antipsychotic is not necessary for patients who have had two or more episodes of illness in less than 5 years.

Conventional antidepressants are never justified in short-term treatment of bipolar disorder.

The same cautions around antidepressant use should always apply to depressed patients with bipolar II disorder.

Antidepressant treatment should be continued indefinitely in patients with bipolar disorder who respond to treatment.

Quetiapine is not an effective long-term maintenance treatment option for patients with bipolar disorder.

Cognitive behaviour therapy has not been shown to be effective in unipolar depression.

The use of lithium to prevent further episodes of bipolar disorder is not associated with a decreased risk of suicidal behavior.

Patients with bipolar disorder typically respond to pharmacological treatment for depression in a different way than patients with unipolar depression.

Valproate should be prescribed as a first choice to women of childbearing age.

The risk of relapse is not increased when patients stop lithium suddenly.

People with bipolar disorder are always willing to consider long-term treatment with medication.

Quetiapine is not effective in preventing both depression and mania in patients with bipolar disorder.

Lamotrigine is more effective in preventing mania than depression in patients with bipolar illness.

In the UK, valproate is regarded as the first choice of mood stabilizer.

Mood stabilizing drugs can completely eliminate feelings of joy and creativity.

Regular clinical and biochemical monitoring of the physical health of bipolar patients is not important.

Psychological treatment approaches for bipolar disorder do not employ education about the illness and enhancing self-management.

The use of medication for mood stabilization is a sign of personal weakness.

Jamison's personal account provides an excellent explanation of the reasons for reluctance to consider long-term treatment with medication.

The effectiveness of treatment in clinical practice is not often disappointing for bipolar patients.

The use of psychosocial measures outlined in the text does not enhance the overall effectiveness of treatment plans for bipolar disorder.

Lithium is not effective in treating severe depressive symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder.

Stigma is not an important issue in the reluctance to consider long-term treatment with medication.

Randomized trials of certain approaches, such as psychoeducational programmes and family intervention, are not promising in enhancing the effectiveness of treatment plans for bipolar disorder.

Valproate is the most popular choice of mood stabilizer in both the UK and the USA.

Patients with bipolar disorder never have difficulties in accepting a diagnosis of a lifelong condition.

The lifetime risk of bipolar disorder is around 15%.

The average age of onset for patients with bipolar disorder is around 27 years.

The lifetime risk of unipolar disorder for first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder is around 20–30%.

The average number of episodes for patients with bipolar disorder is around 4.

The sex ratio for unipolar disorder is around 1:1.

Mood elevation in a manic episode is always accompanied by increased energy and a decreased need for sleep.

For diagnosis, the manic episode should last for at least two weeks and should be severe enough to disrupt ordinary work and social activities.

In a manic episode, perceptual disorders may occur, such as an appreciation of colours being dull and uninteresting.

In a manic episode, self-esteem is often deflated and pessimistic ideas are freely expressed.

In a manic episode, the individual may become less talkative and less sociable.

In a manic episode, the individual's attention can be sustained for long periods of time.

What should be considered when a person develops mania or hypomania and is taking an antidepressant?

What is the initial treatment option for a person who develops mania or hypomania and is not taking an antipsychotic or mood stabilizer?

What should be considered if an alternative antipsychotic is not sufficiently effective at the maximum licensed dose?

What is the next step if adding lithium is ineffective or not suitable?

What should be considered if a person is already taking a mood stabilizer such as lithium or valproate?

What factors should be taken into account when offering an antipsychotic?

If a person develops moderate or severe bipolar depression and is taking either lithium or valproate, increasing the mood stabiliser to within the maximum permitted by the therapeutic range should not be considered.

Lamotrigine should be considered as an initial treatment option for a person who develops moderate or severe bipolar depression and is not taking a drug to treat their bipolar disorder.

When adding lamotrigine to valproate, the British National Formulary does not need to be followed.

Quetiapine is not an effective treatment option for moderate or severe bipolar depression.

If a person develops moderate or severe bipolar depression and is not taking a drug to treat their bipolar disorder, olanzapine on its own should be the initial treatment option.

What is the minimum frequency at which physical health checks should be performed for people with bipolar disorder?

Which of the following is NOT included in the physical health check for people with bipolar disorder?

What is the purpose of monitoring liver function during physical health checks for people with bipolar disorder?

Which of the following health metrics is NOT included in the metabolic status assessment during physical health checks for people with bipolar disorder?

Why is it important to monitor renal function during physical health checks for people with bipolar disorder?

In psychological approaches to bipolar disorder, patients are advised to avoid sleep patterns and regular social routines.

Identification of early subjective signs of relapse is not an important aspect of psychological approaches to bipolar disorder.

Medication is not discussed in psychological approaches to bipolar disorder, as it is not relevant to the patient's treatment plan.

Patients are not advised to avoid triggers for relapse, such as substance misuse, in psychological approaches to bipolar disorder.

Education about the importance of medication is not provided to patients with bipolar disorder as part of their treatment plan.