Chapter 2 (Anxiety Disorders)
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Questions and Answers

What is the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder?

  • 3.5 per cent (correct)
  • 5.0 per cent
  • 2.3 per cent
  • 4.7 per cent

    • Which demographic is somewhat more likely to have panic disorder?

  • Males
  • Children
  • Elderly individuals
  • Females (correct)

    • What is the lifetime prevalence of agoraphobia?

  • 4.8 per cent
  • 3.5 per cent
  • 2.3 per cent (correct)
  • 1.2 per cent

    • What percentage of individuals with panic disorder may be unemployed for more than 5 years due to symptoms?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does panic disorder often begin?

    <p>Adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the prognosis of panic disorder change when agoraphobia is present?

    <p>Prognosis worsens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general factor is associated with the aetiology of panic disorder?

    <p>Generalised biological vulnerability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is more commonly diagnosed as the severity of agoraphobia increases?

    <p>Panic disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) in treating panic disorders?

    <p>To increase awareness of threatening thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is specifically mentioned as effectively treated by CBT?

    <p>Agoraphobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enhances the efficacy of CBT treatment for agoraphobia?

    <p>Spouse or significant other stops catering to avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Social Anxiety Disorder compared to shyness?

    <p>It includes intense fear of negative evaluation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers anxiety in individuals suffering from Social Anxiety Disorder?

    <p>Exposure to potential humiliation or embarrassment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a specific disorder discussed in relation to anxiety?

    <p>Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant focus when diagnosing Social Anxiety Disorder?

    <p>Persistent fear of social situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of anxiety disorders, which treatment approach is emphasized?

    <p>Psychological treatments like CBT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a false alarm in the context of anxiety disorders?

    <p>It occurs without any actual threat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vulnerability involves a belief that the world is a dangerous place?

    <p>Generalized psychological vulnerability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological system is primarily activated during anxiety and fear responses?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition would classify anxiety as a disorder?

    <p>When anxiety is excessive or inappropriate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders was added to the DSM-5-TR from the childhood disorders section?

    <p>Selective Mutism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Barlow's Triple Vulnerability model, what does specific psychological vulnerability refer to?

    <p>Conditioning through past experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does moderate anxiety impact performance?

    <p>It may enhance preparedness and performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a hallmark of anxiety disorders?

    <p>False alarms occurring without direct threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the fight or flight response?

    <p>To prepare the body for immediate danger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vulnerability could lead to an inherited predisposition towards anxiety?

    <p>Biological vulnerability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes a characteristic of Generalised Anxiety Disorder?

    <p>It can be evaluated through specific diagnostic criteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the epidemiology of anxiety disorders in Australia?

    <p>Data suggests a significant prevalence within the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT associated with the aetiology of anxiety disorders?

    <p>Overexposure to sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment approach is commonly utilized for managing Generalised Anxiety Disorder?

    <p>Psychotherapy or counseling combined with medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to determine that a disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder?

    <p>To provide accurate diagnosis and treatment plans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of social anxiety disorder?

    <p>Desire to avoid social situations due to fear of interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group reports a significant onset of social anxiety disorder?

    <p>Children under 12 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifetime prevalence of social anxiety disorder?

    <p>8 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social anxiety disorder is more prevalent in which gender according to the data?

    <p>Females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be true for fear, anxiety, or avoidance to be considered a disorder?

    <p>It cannot be attributed to a substance or another medical condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders does social anxiety not overlap with?

    <p>Post-traumatic stress disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important factor to consider when diagnosing social anxiety disorder?

    <p>The existence of another unrelated medical condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically triggers the fear associated with social anxiety disorder?

    <p>Social interactions and performance situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of individuals with social anxiety disorder is likely to experience symptoms before reaching adolescence?

    <p>Half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general description of social anxiety disorder focused on?

    <p>Symptoms and diagnostic criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of therapy focuses on increasing the ability to tolerate uncertainty in patients with GAD?

    <p>Cognitive-Behavioural therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the common medications prescribed for Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves scheduling times to engage in worry for those with GAD?

    <p>Scheduled worry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a psychological treatment mentioned for GAD?

    <p>Electroconvulsive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mindfulness meditation primarily teach individuals with GAD?

    <p>To be more present-focused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medication is typically used to treat anxiety disorders along with antidepressants?

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive-behavioural technique aims to confront maladaptive worry habits in GAD treatment?

    <p>Worry exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these medications is classified as an SSRI commonly used for treating GAD?

    <p>Sertraline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic approach addresses interpersonal problems in individuals with GAD?

    <p>Interpersonal psychotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique would an individual NOT learn in cognitive-behavioural therapy for GAD?

    <p>Accept all negative thoughts without challenge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate physiological reaction triggered by a perceived danger?

    <p>Fight or flight response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a specific anxiety disorder?

    <p>Adjustment Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anxiety disorder is characterized by an intense fear of social situations?

    <p>Social Anxiety Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is often associated with a fear of public spaces or crowds?

    <p>Agoraphobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What model explains the vulnerabilities associated with panic disorder?

    <p>Triple Vulnerability Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is commonly considered in the aetiology of anxiety disorders?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment approach is often utilized for individuals suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

    <p>Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common psychological treatment method for managing Generalized Anxiety Disorder's symptoms?

    <p>Mindfulness Meditation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of life do specific phobias most commonly begin?

    <p>Childhood and early adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the prevalence of specific phobias is accurate?

    <p>Prevalence is greater among children than adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major reason people do not seek treatment for specific phobias?

    <p>People often do not feel that their phobia requires treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Mowrer’s two-factor model, how is fear maintained in specific phobias?

    <p>Through negative reinforcement via avoidance behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of Mowrer’s two-factor model in explaining specific phobias?

    <p>It implies that all fears are learned from direct experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT cited as a common phobic trigger according to prepared learning?

    <p>Social situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept explains why individuals may fear certain objects more than others?

    <p>Prepared learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which main factor is associated with the heritability of specific phobias?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of Mowrer’s Two-factor theory regarding panic disorder?

    <p>Avoidance creates negatively reinforced behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly utilized in Panic Control Therapy (PCT) for panic disorder treatment?

    <p>Exposure to panic-associated sensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of graded exposure in cognitive behavior therapy for treating agoraphobia?

    <p>It allows for gradual acclimatization to feared situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does avoidance behavior develop according to the aetiology of agoraphobia?

    <p>By associating panic attacks with external stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensory experiences may be included in Panic Control Therapy?

    <p>Somatic sensations like rapid heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy is NOT a component of Panic Control Therapy (PCT)?

    <p>Avoiding the situation entirely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common approach to treating panic disorder, as mentioned in the context?

    <p>Combining medication with cognitive behavior therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does stimulus generalization play in agoraphobia?

    <p>It leads to avoidance of more situations over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a true alarm in the context of anxiety?

    <p>Response to a direct danger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vulnerability refers to believing the world is a dangerous place?

    <p>Generalized psychological vulnerability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the physiological response associated with both anxiety and fear?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an anxiety disorder in terms of symptom severity?

    <p>Anxiety or fear is excessive and inappropriate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark of anxiety disorders?

    <p>Frequent experience of false alarms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which response is generally triggered by fear according to the fight or flight theory?

    <p>Flight or fight response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is associated with both anxiety and fear, indicating they can be adaptive?

    <p>Enhances performance at moderate levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of anxiety disorder diagnoses, which of the following could indicate the presence of a disorder?

    <p>Chronic anxiety and/or fear without direct reasons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of psychological vulnerability is acquired through conditioning?

    <p>Specific psychological vulnerability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is generally used to describe specific fears related to certain objects or situations?

    <p>Phobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the specific phobias mentioned?

    <p>Generalized Anxiety Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT typically covered when discussing various anxiety disorders?

    <p>Social Influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phobias generally refer to which category of disorders?

    <p>Specific Anxiety Disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is social phobia also referred to?

    <p>Social Anxiety Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of specific phobias?

    <p>Marked and consistent fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is considered a form of phobia?

    <p>Acrophobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the focus of anxiety disorder discussions?

    <p>They primarily focus on diagnostic criteria and aetiology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of phobia-related disorders are mentioned?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus when discussing specific phobias?

    <p>General description, epidemiology, aetiology, and treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic approach primarily focuses on modifying negative thoughts in individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

    <p>Cognitive-Behavioural therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary goals of mindfulness meditation for individuals with GAD?

    <p>To become more present-focused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medication is commonly prescribed to reduce anxiety in patients with GAD?

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological technique involves scheduling specific times for worrying in patients with GAD?

    <p>Worry exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a psychological treatment method mentioned for GAD?

    <p>Pharmacological therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic behavior that cognitive-behavioral methods encourage in individuals with GAD?

    <p>Challenging and modifying negative thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications are included along with benzodiazepines for treating GAD?

    <p>Antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common component of cognitive-behavioral therapy for GAD to increase tolerance to uncertainty?

    <p>Scheduled worry times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following approaches directly addresses interpersonal problems in individuals with GAD?

    <p>Interpersonal psychotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following does relaxation training play a significant historical role in treating GAD?

    <p>Cognitive-Behavioural methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • This material may be subject to copyright.
    • Further reproduction or communication of the material may be subject to copyright.
    • Do not remove the copyright notice.

    Chapter 2: Anxiety Disorders

    • Covers general issues regarding anxiety and related disorders.
    • Focuses on specific disorders.
    • Specific phobias are covered.
    • Panic disorder and agoraphobia are covered.
    • Social anxiety disorder is covered.
    • Generalised anxiety disorder is covered.

    Learning Objectives

    • Describe the nature of anxiety and models regarding the aetiology of anxiety disorders.
    • Describe diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, aetiology, and treatments for specific phobias.
    • Describe diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, aetiology, and treatments for panic disorder and agoraphobia.
    • Describe diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, aetiology, and treatments for social anxiety disorder.
    • Describe diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, aetiology, and treatments for generalised anxiety disorder.

    Nature of Fear and Anxiety Disorders

    • Fear is an immediate alarm reaction triggered by perceived danger, preparing the body for fight or flight.
    • Anxiety is apprehension about future threats.
    • A true alarm is fear in response to direct danger.
    • False alarms are the hallmark of anxiety disorders (Barlow).
    • Vulnerabilities involve biological and psychological factors.

    Barlow's Triple Vulnerability

    • Includes generalised biological vulnerability, generalised psychological vulnerability, and specific psychological vulnerability, leading to an anxiety disorder.

    Anxiety and Fear

    • Both involve physiological arousal (sympathetic nervous system).
    • Both can be adaptive as fear triggers "flight or fight".
    • Moderate levels of anxiety improve performance.

    Anxiety Disorders - Diagnoses

    • Specific phobia involves marked fear of a specific object or situation.
    • Panic disorder involves recurring unexpected panic attacks.
    • Agoraphobia involves anxiety about situations where escape is difficult.
    • Social anxiety disorder involves fear of social situations involving scrutiny.
    • Generalised anxiety disorder involves excessive worry about multiple events or activities.

    Additional DSM-5 Diagnoses

    • Added disorders are separation anxiety disorder and selective mutism.

    Phobias (Three types)

    • Specific phobia
    • Social phobia (social anxiety disorder)
    • Agoraphobia

    Specific Phobias

    • Marked fear and consistent fear when specific objects or situations are encountered. (It is out of proportion to the danger posed by the object/situation).
    • Fear causes emotional, social, and occupational disruptions.
    • Trigger or feared object is avoided or endured with intense anxiety.

    DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria - Specific Phobia

    • Describes the symptoms needed for the diagnosis, and what is meant by 'marked fear or anxiety'.

    Four Subtypes of Specific Phobia

    • Animal phobia
    • Natural environment phobia
    • Blood-injection-injury phobia
    • Situational phobia

    Epidemiology of Specific Phobias

    • Lifetime prevalence (approx.) is 12% in the USA.
    • Females are more likely to experience a phobia than males (2:1 ratio).
    • Often starts in childhood or adolescence and prevalence is higher in children compared to adults.
    • People usually do not seek out treatment.

    Aetiology of Specific Phobias

    • Evidence suggests heritability.
    • Mowrer's two-factor is a common model for phobias.
    • Includes classical and operant conditioning.

    Aetiology of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia

    • Generalised biological vulnerability.
    • Generalised psychological vulnerability.
    • Specific psychological vulnerability (e.g., misinterpreting bodily sensations).
    • Interoceptive conditioning & anxiety sensitivity

    Treatment of Specific Phobias

    • Exposure-based treatments (most effective).
    • Exposure may work through extinction.
    • Treatments may challenge expectations of danger leading to increased control.

    Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia

    • Frequent panic attacks unrelated to specific situations.
    • Symptoms reach peak intensity within 10 minutes.
    • Accompanied by specific symptoms (e.g., sweating, nausea, labored breathing).
    • Symptoms may include feeling of losing control, going crazy or dying, or derealisation.
    • Uncued attacks occur without warning whereas cued ones are triggered by a specific situation.

    Epidemiology of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia

    • Panic disorder - Lifetime prevalence is approximately 3.5%.
    • Agoraphobia - Lifetime prevalence is approximately 2.3%.
    • Females are disproportionately affected, particularly in severe cases.

    Epidemiology of Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

    • Lifetime prevalence is 6.1%.
    • Early age of onset and a chronic course.
    • More often observed in women.
    • People tend to describe themselves as 'having always been this way'.

    Aetiology of Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

    • Information processing.
    • Metacognitive model (positive and negative beliefs about worry).
    • Avoidance theory of worry
    • Intolerance of uncertainty model

    Psychological Treatment of Panic and Agoraphobia

    • Panic control therapy (PCT).
    • Exposure to somatic sensations associated with panic attacks.
    • Coping strategies include relaxation and deep breathing.
    • CBT to challenge negative beliefs & maladaptive behaviours.

    Psychological Treatments of Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

    • Relaxation techniques
    • Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), including modifying negative thoughts
    • Addressing interpersonal troubles
    • Mindfulness meditation to encourage present-focus.

    Social Anxiety Disorder

    • Persistent, intense fear of social situations.
    • Fear of negative evaluation and scrutiny (evaluation and potential embarrassment).
    • More intense and extensive than shyness.
    • Exposure will lead to anxiety about being humiliated or embarrassed.
    • It often begins in adolescence along with potential diagnosis of Avoidant Personality Disorder (around 33% overlap).
    • There is a performance only subtype, where anxiety is heightened when performing in front of others.

    Diagnosis of GAD

    • Excessive worry about various things (work, relationships, health).
    • Worry is present most days for at least six months.
    • Worry is hard to control.
    • Symptoms include sleep problems, agitation, restlessness, etc.

    Epidemiology of Social Anxiety Disorder

    • Half of sufferers experience onset prior to age 12.
    • Lifetime prevalence is approx. 8%.
    • More common in females than males.

    Aetiology of Social Anxiety Disorder

    • Twin studies suggest a genetic component.
    • Excessive parental criticism may contribute to undermining self-confidence.
    • Cognitive distortions that negatively impact perceptions of how others view them.
    • Fear of negative evaluations from others.

    Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder

    • Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), including group settings.
    • Psychoeducation about the disorder.
    • Exposure to feared social scenarios & imagery rescripting.

    Treatment of GAD

    • Medication (anxiolytics or antidepressants).
    • Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) including relaxation training and graded exposure.
    • Interpersonal psychotherapy to address relationship issues.
    • Mindfulness-based techniques.

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