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Questions and Answers
What is the term for the experience of intense, frequent, or continuous false alarms?
What is the term for the experience of intense, frequent, or continuous false alarms?
- Anxiety disorder (correct)
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Panic attack
- Phobia
What is the primary function of anxiety, according to Learning Outcome 15.4?
What is the primary function of anxiety, according to Learning Outcome 15.4?
- To cause panic attacks
- To serve as an internal alarm bell that warns of potential danger (correct)
- To experience fear
- To avoid danger
What is the term for intentional behaviors or mental acts performed in a stereotyped fashion?
What is the term for intentional behaviors or mental acts performed in a stereotyped fashion?
- Phobias
- Anxiety disorders
- Obsessions
- Compulsions (correct)
How did the classification of insanity in Aboriginal culture differ from the European settlers?
How did the classification of insanity in Aboriginal culture differ from the European settlers?
What was the main conclusion drawn from Rosenhan's study?
What was the main conclusion drawn from Rosenhan's study?
What is the term for the experience of frequent and unpleasant thoughts that can lead to compulsive behaviors?
What is the term for the experience of frequent and unpleasant thoughts that can lead to compulsive behaviors?
What is a common characteristic of compulsions in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder?
What is a common characteristic of compulsions in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder?
What is a common consequence of frequent false alarms in anxiety disorders?
What is a common consequence of frequent false alarms in anxiety disorders?
What does family alliance describe?
What does family alliance describe?
What do psychodynamic theorists distinguish among?
What do psychodynamic theorists distinguish among?
What is involved in pathological anxiety?
What is involved in pathological anxiety?
What is a potential consequence of labelling a person with a mental illness?
What is a potential consequence of labelling a person with a mental illness?
What do biological researchers tend to find is related to psychopathology?
What do biological researchers tend to find is related to psychopathology?
What is the view of psychological symptoms from a family systems perspective?
What is the view of psychological symptoms from a family systems perspective?
What is the main finding of Rosenhan's study of eight individuals admitted to psychiatric hospitals?
What is the main finding of Rosenhan's study of eight individuals admitted to psychiatric hospitals?
What is the term for the origins of psychological disorders and/or physiological disturbances?
What is the term for the origins of psychological disorders and/or physiological disturbances?
What is the view of psychopathology from an evolutionary perspective?
What is the view of psychopathology from an evolutionary perspective?
What is the descriptive approach most tied to?
What is the descriptive approach most tied to?
What is the term for a state of emotional and social wellbeing in which individuals realise their own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively, and can contribute to their community?
What is the term for a state of emotional and social wellbeing in which individuals realise their own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively, and can contribute to their community?
What is a possible outcome for a child diagnosed with ADHD?
What is a possible outcome for a child diagnosed with ADHD?
In the correct order, what are the three broad classes of psychopathology that form a continuum of functioning?
In the correct order, what are the three broad classes of psychopathology that form a continuum of functioning?
What is the term for the study of the causes of an individual's abnormal behaviour?
What is the term for the study of the causes of an individual's abnormal behaviour?
What is the cause of psychopathology according to the biological approach?
What is the cause of psychopathology according to the biological approach?
What is the term for the capacity of individuals to behave in ways that promote their emotional and social well-being?
What is the term for the capacity of individuals to behave in ways that promote their emotional and social well-being?
Which approach in clinical psychology focuses on discrete processes, such as thought processes that precede an anxiety reaction or physical symptoms that accompany it?
Which approach in clinical psychology focuses on discrete processes, such as thought processes that precede an anxiety reaction or physical symptoms that accompany it?
What is the term for the study of the nature of reality and existence?
What is the term for the study of the nature of reality and existence?
According to the systems approach, what is a child who abuses drugs may be expressing frustration at feeling excluded from?
According to the systems approach, what is a child who abuses drugs may be expressing frustration at feeling excluded from?
Which of the following is NOT a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Which of the following is NOT a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
What is the neurotransmitter implicated in schizophrenia?
What is the neurotransmitter implicated in schizophrenia?
Which of the following is NOT considered a possible environmental cause of schizophrenia?
Which of the following is NOT considered a possible environmental cause of schizophrenia?
What is the term for a chronic, low-level depression lasting more than two years?
What is the term for a chronic, low-level depression lasting more than two years?
What is a period of abnormally elevated or expansive mood called?
What is a period of abnormally elevated or expansive mood called?
According to Beck, what is the negative outlook on the world, self, and future?
According to Beck, what is the negative outlook on the world, self, and future?
What is the term for the mechanisms by which depressed individuals negatively transform neutral information?
What is the term for the mechanisms by which depressed individuals negatively transform neutral information?
According to psychodynamic theory, what is the cause of depression?
According to psychodynamic theory, what is the cause of depression?
What is the term for a disorder characterized by recurrent obsessions and compulsions?
What is the term for a disorder characterized by recurrent obsessions and compulsions?
What is the term for sudden, intense fear or terror that is not justified by the situation?
What is the term for sudden, intense fear or terror that is not justified by the situation?
What is characterized by attacks of intense fear and feelings of doom or terror not justified by the situation?
What is characterized by attacks of intense fear and feelings of doom or terror not justified by the situation?
What symptoms are associated with post-traumatic stress disorder?
What symptoms are associated with post-traumatic stress disorder?
What is the correlation between IQ and PTSD when exposed to similar experiences?
What is the correlation between IQ and PTSD when exposed to similar experiences?
What is experienced by people who complain of pain or illness without a physical explanation?
What is experienced by people who complain of pain or illness without a physical explanation?
What is characterized by a loss or significant change in physical function without a physical explanation?
What is characterized by a loss or significant change in physical function without a physical explanation?
What is characteristic of dissociative disorders?
What is characteristic of dissociative disorders?
What is true about antisocial personality disorder?
What is true about antisocial personality disorder?
What is associated with anorexia and bulimia nervosa?
What is associated with anorexia and bulimia nervosa?
What is characteristic of panic disorder?
What is characteristic of panic disorder?
What is true about somatoform disorders?
What is true about somatoform disorders?
Which of the following is a characteristic of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?
Which of the following is a characteristic of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?
In which DSM-5 category are disorders characterized by alterations or disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception classified?
In which DSM-5 category are disorders characterized by alterations or disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception classified?
What is the basis of the third section of the DSM-5?
What is the basis of the third section of the DSM-5?
Which of the following delusions is incorrectly matched?
Which of the following delusions is incorrectly matched?
Research suggests that some children with conduct disorder are:
Research suggests that some children with conduct disorder are:
If a person is an alcoholic, it is likely that:
If a person is an alcoholic, it is likely that:
What is the best predictor of whether a person will become an alcoholic?
What is the best predictor of whether a person will become an alcoholic?
Which of the following is a symptom of schizophrenia?
Which of the following is a symptom of schizophrenia?
Which of the following is NOT considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Which of the following is NOT considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
What increases the likelihood of an adult adoptee having problems with aggressive behaviour?
What increases the likelihood of an adult adoptee having problems with aggressive behaviour?
According to psychodynamic theorists, what is the origin of borderline personality disorder?
According to psychodynamic theorists, what is the origin of borderline personality disorder?
What do cognitive-behavioural and psychodynamic approaches implicate in the development of antisocial personality disorder?
What do cognitive-behavioural and psychodynamic approaches implicate in the development of antisocial personality disorder?
What is schizoaffective disorder characterized by?
What is schizoaffective disorder characterized by?
What increases the likelihood of an adult adoptee having problems with aggressive behaviour?
What increases the likelihood of an adult adoptee having problems with aggressive behaviour?
What do psychodynamic theorists argue is the origin of borderline personality disorder?
What do psychodynamic theorists argue is the origin of borderline personality disorder?
What is a risk factor for the development of antisocial personality disorder?
What is a risk factor for the development of antisocial personality disorder?
What is characterized by attributes of both schizophrenia and psychotic depression?
What is characterized by attributes of both schizophrenia and psychotic depression?
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Study Notes
Anxiety Disorder
- Anxiety typically functions as an internal alarm bell that warns of potential danger.
- Individuals who experience frequent false alarms may engage in dysfunctional avoidance, such as refusing to leave the house for fear of a panic attack.
Classification of Insanity
- In Aboriginal culture, erratic behaviour was thought to be caused by external factors (e.g., magic) rather than by a deficiency within the individual.
- There was no recognition of insanity equivalent to that in European culture.
Rosenhan's Study
- Rosenhan's study demonstrated that psychiatric illness is in the eye of the beholder, and even trained eyes are not very acute.
- The study showed that labelling a person with a mental illness can lead to discrimination and the interpretation of their behaviour as 'crazy'.
Labelling
- Labelling can be dangerous because it turns people into 'patients', whose subsequent actions are interpreted as part of their 'craziness'.
- Labelling can lead to discrimination based on the diagnosis.
Aetiology
- Aetiology refers to the origins of psychological disorders and/or physiological disturbances.
Mental Health
- Mental health can be thought of as a state of emotional and social wellbeing in which individuals realise their own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively, and can contribute to their community.
Psychopathology
- Psychodynamic theorists distinguish among three broad classes of psychopathology: neuroses, personality disorders, and psychoses.
- Neuroses are problems in living (e.g., phobias); personality disorders are characterised by enduring maladaptive patterns of thought, feeling, and behaviour that lead to chronic disturbances in interpersonal functioning; and psychoses are gross disturbances involving a loss of touch with reality.
Cognitive-Behavioural Perspective
- Cognitive-behavioural practitioners integrate an understanding of classical and operant conditioning with a cognitive-social perspective.
Family Systems Perspective
- From a family systems perspective, psychological symptoms are viewed as dysfunctional efforts to cope with a disturbance in the family.
Evolutionary Perspective
- From an evolutionary perspective, psychopathology can be adaptive in certain situations (e.g., anxiety keeping people from danger).
Diagnostic Approach
- The descriptive approach is tied to no one theoretical perspective.
- Descriptive diagnosis allows researchers and clinicians in many different settings to diagnose patients in a similar manner regardless of theoretical orientation.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Children with ADHD may 'grow out' of some symptoms (e.g., hyperactivity) while others remain (e.g., inattention).
- They are also at a greater risk for antisocial behaviour and substance abuse.
Dissociative Disorders
- Dissociative disorders include disorders characterised by alterations or disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception.
Schizophrenia
- Schizophrenia is characterised by delusions, hallucinations, and loosening of associations.
- Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include delusions, hallucinations, and loose associations.
- Negative symptoms include flat affect, lack of motivation, and socially inappropriate behaviour.
Depression
- Dysthymic disorder refers to a chronic low-level depression lasting more than two years, with intervals of normal moods that never last more than a few weeks or months.
- Cognitive distortions refer to the mechanisms by which a depressed person transforms neutral or positive information in a depressive direction.
- Psychodynamic theorists argue that depression is caused by past experiences and motivation.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- PTSD is characterised by nightmares, flashbacks, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle responses, and psychological numbness.
- Greater intelligence allows more flexibility in coping and better verbal ability.### Conversion Disorder
- A loss or significant change in a physical function (e.g., sight, feeling, or ability to walk) without any physical explanation is characteristic of conversion disorder.
Dissociative Disorders
- Disruptions in consciousness, memory, sense of identity, or perception are characteristic of dissociative disorders.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Nearly all adults with antisocial personality disorders were conduct disordered as children.
- An adult is three times more likely to develop antisocial behavior if they have a biological parent or adoptive parent with antisocial personality disorder.
Personality Disorders
- Borderline personality disorder originates in pathological attachment relationships in early childhood, which lead to attachment problems later in life.
- Physical abuse, neglect, and absent or criminal male role models are implicated in the development of antisocial personality disorder.
Schizoaffective Disorder
- Schizoaffective disorder is a disorder that involves attributes of both schizophrenia and psychotic depression.
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