Psychology Chapter 13 Quiz

Questions and Answers

If you are describing characteristics of your child such as irritability or adaptability, you are describing their?

temperament

According to Freud, the works off of the pleasure principle while the is often perceived as the executive director of your personality.

id; ego

What defense mechanism best explains the behavior of coworkers who seemingly hated one another but are now getting married?

reaction formation

Freud would say that Brandon is beginning the process of ______ as a way of resolving his Oedipal conflict.

identification Signup and view all the answers

Your professor explains how all females have an inner masculine side that adds to their personality. This concept is known as a(n)

animus Signup and view all the answers

According to Adler, firstborn children with younger siblings tend to be?

overachieving (could also be filled with feelings of insecurity) Signup and view all the answers

Karen Horney's study of one's personality focused on?

anxiety during childhood Signup and view all the answers

Candice believes that fate will help her find the right man with whom to live her life. According to Rotter, she has a(n)

external locus of control Signup and view all the answers

According to Julian Rotter's theory, Keisha's effort at her job for a promotion is an example of what he calls?

expectancy Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of the social cognitive view of personality over the psychodynamic view?

The social cognitive view has concepts that can be tested scientifically Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective of psychology focuses on the role of each person's conscious life experiences and choices in personality development?

humanistic Signup and view all the answers

An old motto of the U.S. Army was, 'Be all you can be.' This concept fits well with Carl Rogers's theory of?

self-actualizing tendency Signup and view all the answers

According to Rogers, a mismatch between the real and ideal self can result in?

anxiety and neurotic behavior Signup and view all the answers

Using the five-factor model, which dimension would show a very low score for Dr. Hill, who is often late?

conscientiousness Signup and view all the answers

To explain an individual's personality, trait theorists would look to?

the constellation of personality characteristics possessed by the person Signup and view all the answers

Studies of the heritability of personality traits have found?

strong evidence to support some personality traits can be passed by genetics Signup and view all the answers

As examples of what might be required as parts of specific projective tests, the asks clients to look at a picture and tell a story while the asks clients to report everything they see in an ambiguous figure.

Thematic Apperception Test; Rorschach Signup and view all the answers

Which type of assessment would be the most reliable?

personality inventory Signup and view all the answers

The _ is based on the five-factor model while __ is based on the work of Raymond Cattell.

NEO-PI-3; 16PF Signup and view all the answers

Personality neuroscience is an emerging field offering evidence of a possible relationship between various aspects of personality with?

brain structure and function Signup and view all the answers

If you are asked to describe your best friends by explaining how they act, typically feel, and what they think about, you would be describing their?

personality Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, the ______ mind was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality.

unconscious Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, which part of the personality is totally buried within each individual?

id Signup and view all the answers

The awakening of sexual curiosity and interest in the genitals is the beginning of what Freud termed the?

phallic stage Signup and view all the answers

According to Carl Jung's theory, what archetype is being expressed when tao's friends dress up as devils, vampires, and zombies?

shadow Signup and view all the answers

Which non-Freudian theorist believed personality was mostly a product of dealing with anxiety during childhood?

Karen Horney Signup and view all the answers

According to the behavioral theory, personality primarily consists of?

learned responses Signup and view all the answers

Albert Bandura considers ___________ as a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.

self-efficacy Signup and view all the answers

What personality theory describes personality as a relatively stable set of potential responses to various situations?

Julian Rotter Signup and view all the answers

Nina values constructive criticism regarding her photography business, according to Julian Rotter, she has a(n)?

internal locus of control Signup and view all the answers

In Roger's viewpoint, what is the striving to fulfill innate capacities and needs called?

self-actualizing tendency Signup and view all the answers

What did Carl Rogers mean by the term 'fully functioning person'?

Someone who is experiencing a match between his or her real and ideal self and who is also trusting of their innermost intuitions and urges Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements concerning the self-concept is false?

It is formed based solely on what a person believes about himself or herself Signup and view all the answers

According to Rogers, Karen's parents giving her conditions for support and respect represents?

conditional positive regard Signup and view all the answers

Trait theories are less concerned with ________ and more concerned with _.

changing personality; predicting personality Signup and view all the answers

A colleague at work is asked to describe you, most likely, the traits they will use in their description are examples of?

surface traits Signup and view all the answers

Cattell's research and use of factor analysis essentially scaled down many different ways of describing aspects of personality into _____________ source traits.

16 Signup and view all the answers

In the Big Five theory of personality, 'E' stands for?

extraversion Signup and view all the answers

What is a major shortcoming in the field of behavioral genetics in their studies on human personality traits?

Behavioral geneticists are unable to conduct controlled research studies on human subjects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits or characteristics were not found to be more similar in identical twins compared to fraternal twins in the Minnesota twin study?

tendency to divorce Signup and view all the answers

What have adoption studies taught us regarding the relationship between heredity and personality?

Adoption studies have confirmed that personality can be strongly influenced by genetics Signup and view all the answers

Several studies have found nearly a ___________________ percent rate of heritability across several cultures with respect to the five-factor model of personality.

50 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a halo effect?

Terrence unknowingly tends to rate his new client's behavior slightly higher during testing after noticing the client is wearing a class ring from his own alma mater Signup and view all the answers

Frequency counters in writing skills are especially helpful in assessing?

observable behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following personality assessments might be best suited for objectively identifying abnormal patterns of behavior or thinking?

MMPI-2-RF Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the validity scale?

to determine if a person is giving an accurate response Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Temperament and Personality

Characteristics like irritability and adaptability describe a child's temperament, not personality.

Freud's Psychodynamic Theory

The id operates on the pleasure principle; the ego functions as the executive director of personality.
Reaction formation explains sudden shifts in feelings, such as hostility turning into affection.
During the phallic stage, children develop sexual curiosity and explore their identity related to family dynamics.

Adler and Horney

Firstborn children with younger siblings often become overachievers, influenced by a sense of insecurity.
Karen Horney emphasized the role of anxiety in personality development, particularly during childhood.

Locus of Control

An external locus of control indicates belief in external factors influencing life outcomes, while an internal locus suggests responsibility for one’s own fate.

The social cognitive viewpoint benefits from testable concepts and emphasizes observable behavior influenced by environmental factors.

Humanistic Psychology

The humanistic perspective highlights conscious experiences and personal choice in shaping personality.
Carl Rogers' theory includes the self-actualizing tendency, where individuals strive to realize their innate potential.

The Self and Its Discrepancies

A mismatch between the real self and ideal self may lead to anxiety and neurotic behaviors, according to Rogers.
Conditional positive regard from parents can dictate a child's self-perception and career choices.

Trait Theories

Trait theorists focus on stable characteristics rather than changing personality. Surface traits describe outward expressions of personality, while source traits are fundamental qualities.
The five-factor model includes traits such as extraversion, which represents sociability and enthusiasm.

Genetics and Personality

Strong evidence supports that certain personality traits can be inherited, with heritability estimates around 50% for traits in the five-factor model.
Adoption studies suggest that genetics significantly shape personality traits.

Behavioral Assessments

The Minnesota twin study highlighted similarities in traits among identical twins compared to fraternal twins, except for divorce tendency.
The MMPI-2-RF is effective for identifying abnormal behavior patterns, while validity scales assess the accuracy of self-reports in personality assessments.

Projective Tests

Projective assessments include the Thematic Apperception Test (storytelling from images) and the Rorschach test (interpretation of ambiguous inkblots).

Research Limitations

Behavioral geneticists face challenges in conducting controlled studies on personality traits due to ethical constraints regarding human subjects.

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Description

Test your knowledge of key concepts from Psychology Chapter 13, including temperament and Freud's theories on personality. This quiz covers important terms and definitions that are fundamental to understanding child psychology and personality development.