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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
If you are describing characteristics of your child such as irritability or adaptability, you are describing their?
If you are describing characteristics of your child such as irritability or adaptability, you are describing their?
temperament
According to Freud, the ______ works off of the pleasure principle while the ______ is often perceived as the executive director of your personality.
According to Freud, the ______ works off of the pleasure principle while the ______ is often perceived as the executive director of your personality.
id; ego
What defense mechanism best explains the behavior of coworkers who seemingly hated one another but are now getting married?
What defense mechanism best explains the behavior of coworkers who seemingly hated one another but are now getting married?
reaction formation
Freud would say that Brandon is beginning the process of ______ as a way of resolving his Oedipal conflict.
Freud would say that Brandon is beginning the process of ______ as a way of resolving his Oedipal conflict.
Your professor explains how all females have an inner masculine side that adds to their personality. This concept is known as a(n)
Your professor explains how all females have an inner masculine side that adds to their personality. This concept is known as a(n)
According to Adler, firstborn children with younger siblings tend to be?
According to Adler, firstborn children with younger siblings tend to be?
Karen Horney's study of one's personality focused on?
Karen Horney's study of one's personality focused on?
Candice believes that fate will help her find the right man with whom to live her life. According to Rotter, she has a(n)
Candice believes that fate will help her find the right man with whom to live her life. According to Rotter, she has a(n)
According to Julian Rotter's theory, Keisha's effort at her job for a promotion is an example of what he calls?
According to Julian Rotter's theory, Keisha's effort at her job for a promotion is an example of what he calls?
What is a primary advantage of the social cognitive view of personality over the psychodynamic view?
What is a primary advantage of the social cognitive view of personality over the psychodynamic view?
Which perspective of psychology focuses on the role of each person's conscious life experiences and choices in personality development?
Which perspective of psychology focuses on the role of each person's conscious life experiences and choices in personality development?
An old motto of the U.S. Army was, 'Be all you can be.' This concept fits well with Carl Rogers's theory of?
An old motto of the U.S. Army was, 'Be all you can be.' This concept fits well with Carl Rogers's theory of?
According to Rogers, a mismatch between the real and ideal self can result in?
According to Rogers, a mismatch between the real and ideal self can result in?
Using the five-factor model, which dimension would show a very low score for Dr. Hill, who is often late?
Using the five-factor model, which dimension would show a very low score for Dr. Hill, who is often late?
To explain an individual's personality, trait theorists would look to?
To explain an individual's personality, trait theorists would look to?
Studies of the heritability of personality traits have found?
Studies of the heritability of personality traits have found?
As examples of what might be required as parts of specific projective tests, the ______ asks clients to look at a picture and tell a story while the ______ asks clients to report everything they see in an ambiguous figure.
As examples of what might be required as parts of specific projective tests, the ______ asks clients to look at a picture and tell a story while the ______ asks clients to report everything they see in an ambiguous figure.
Which type of assessment would be the most reliable?
Which type of assessment would be the most reliable?
The _____ is based on the five-factor model while ______ is based on the work of Raymond Cattell.
The _____ is based on the five-factor model while ______ is based on the work of Raymond Cattell.
Personality neuroscience is an emerging field offering evidence of a possible relationship between various aspects of personality with?
Personality neuroscience is an emerging field offering evidence of a possible relationship between various aspects of personality with?
If you are asked to describe your best friends by explaining how they act, typically feel, and what they think about, you would be describing their?
If you are asked to describe your best friends by explaining how they act, typically feel, and what they think about, you would be describing their?
According to Freud, the ______ mind was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality.
According to Freud, the ______ mind was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality.
According to Freud, which part of the personality is totally buried within each individual?
According to Freud, which part of the personality is totally buried within each individual?
The awakening of sexual curiosity and interest in the genitals is the beginning of what Freud termed the?
The awakening of sexual curiosity and interest in the genitals is the beginning of what Freud termed the?
According to Carl Jung's theory, what archetype is being expressed when tao's friends dress up as devils, vampires, and zombies?
According to Carl Jung's theory, what archetype is being expressed when tao's friends dress up as devils, vampires, and zombies?
Which non-Freudian theorist believed personality was mostly a product of dealing with anxiety during childhood?
Which non-Freudian theorist believed personality was mostly a product of dealing with anxiety during childhood?
According to the behavioral theory, personality primarily consists of?
According to the behavioral theory, personality primarily consists of?
Albert Bandura considers ___________ as a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.
Albert Bandura considers ___________ as a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.
What personality theory describes personality as a relatively stable set of potential responses to various situations?
What personality theory describes personality as a relatively stable set of potential responses to various situations?
Nina values constructive criticism regarding her photography business, according to Julian Rotter, she has a(n)?
Nina values constructive criticism regarding her photography business, according to Julian Rotter, she has a(n)?
In Roger's viewpoint, what is the striving to fulfill innate capacities and needs called?
In Roger's viewpoint, what is the striving to fulfill innate capacities and needs called?
What did Carl Rogers mean by the term 'fully functioning person'?
What did Carl Rogers mean by the term 'fully functioning person'?
Which of the following statements concerning the self-concept is false?
Which of the following statements concerning the self-concept is false?
According to Rogers, Karen's parents giving her conditions for support and respect represents?
According to Rogers, Karen's parents giving her conditions for support and respect represents?
Trait theories are less concerned with ______________________ and more concerned with _______________.
Trait theories are less concerned with ______________________ and more concerned with _______________.
A colleague at work is asked to describe you, most likely, the traits they will use in their description are examples of?
A colleague at work is asked to describe you, most likely, the traits they will use in their description are examples of?
Cattell's research and use of factor analysis essentially scaled down many different ways of describing aspects of personality into _____________ source traits.
Cattell's research and use of factor analysis essentially scaled down many different ways of describing aspects of personality into _____________ source traits.
In the Big Five theory of personality, 'E' stands for?
In the Big Five theory of personality, 'E' stands for?
What is a major shortcoming in the field of behavioral genetics in their studies on human personality traits?
What is a major shortcoming in the field of behavioral genetics in their studies on human personality traits?
Which of the following traits or characteristics were not found to be more similar in identical twins compared to fraternal twins in the Minnesota twin study?
Which of the following traits or characteristics were not found to be more similar in identical twins compared to fraternal twins in the Minnesota twin study?
What have adoption studies taught us regarding the relationship between heredity and personality?
What have adoption studies taught us regarding the relationship between heredity and personality?
Several studies have found nearly a ___________________ percent rate of heritability across several cultures with respect to the five-factor model of personality.
Several studies have found nearly a ___________________ percent rate of heritability across several cultures with respect to the five-factor model of personality.
Which of the following is an example of a halo effect?
Which of the following is an example of a halo effect?
Frequency counters in writing skills are especially helpful in assessing?
Frequency counters in writing skills are especially helpful in assessing?
Which of the following personality assessments might be best suited for objectively identifying abnormal patterns of behavior or thinking?
Which of the following personality assessments might be best suited for objectively identifying abnormal patterns of behavior or thinking?
What is the function of the validity scale?
What is the function of the validity scale?
Questions and Answers
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Temperament and Personality
- Characteristics like irritability and adaptability describe a child's temperament, not personality.
Freud's Psychodynamic Theory
- The id operates on the pleasure principle; the ego functions as the executive director of personality.
- Reaction formation explains sudden shifts in feelings, such as hostility turning into affection.
- During the phallic stage, children develop sexual curiosity and explore their identity related to family dynamics.
Adler and Horney
- Firstborn children with younger siblings often become overachievers, influenced by a sense of insecurity.
- Karen Horney emphasized the role of anxiety in personality development, particularly during childhood.
Locus of Control
- An external locus of control indicates belief in external factors influencing life outcomes, while an internal locus suggests responsibility for one’s own fate.
Social Cognitive Perspective
- The social cognitive viewpoint benefits from testable concepts and emphasizes observable behavior influenced by environmental factors.
Humanistic Psychology
- The humanistic perspective highlights conscious experiences and personal choice in shaping personality.
- Carl Rogers' theory includes the self-actualizing tendency, where individuals strive to realize their innate potential.
The Self and Its Discrepancies
- A mismatch between the real self and ideal self may lead to anxiety and neurotic behaviors, according to Rogers.
- Conditional positive regard from parents can dictate a child's self-perception and career choices.
Trait Theories
- Trait theorists focus on stable characteristics rather than changing personality. Surface traits describe outward expressions of personality, while source traits are fundamental qualities.
- The five-factor model includes traits such as extraversion, which represents sociability and enthusiasm.
Genetics and Personality
- Strong evidence supports that certain personality traits can be inherited, with heritability estimates around 50% for traits in the five-factor model.
- Adoption studies suggest that genetics significantly shape personality traits.
Behavioral Assessments
- The Minnesota twin study highlighted similarities in traits among identical twins compared to fraternal twins, except for divorce tendency.
- The MMPI-2-RF is effective for identifying abnormal behavior patterns, while validity scales assess the accuracy of self-reports in personality assessments.
Projective Tests
- Projective assessments include the Thematic Apperception Test (storytelling from images) and the Rorschach test (interpretation of ambiguous inkblots).
Research Limitations
- Behavioral geneticists face challenges in conducting controlled studies on personality traits due to ethical constraints regarding human subjects.
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