Theories of Personality
43 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

At which stage of cognitive development does abstract reasoning typically begin to develop?

  • Concrete Operational
  • Preoperational
  • Formal Operational (correct)
  • Sensorimotor

    • During which cognitive development stage does the conservation of shape, number, and liquid not yet develop?

  • Concrete Operational
  • Formal Operational
  • Sensorimotor
  • Preoperational (correct)

    • Which stage involves developing logic and reasoning skills that are limited to concrete observations?

  • Sensorimotor
  • Formal Operational
  • Preoperational
  • Concrete Operational (correct)

    • At which stage do verbal and egocentric thinking develop?

    <p>Preoperational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive capacity is NOT characteristic of the Sensorimotor stage?

    <p>Verbal thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive capacity is NOT characteristic of the Preoperational stage?

    <p>Conservation of shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage is characterized by knowledge acquisition primarily through senses?

    <p>Sensorimotor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Concrete Operational stage happens approximately between the ages of 7 and 11 years.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Systematic problem solving begins in the Preoperational stage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Sensorimotor stage, infants develop object permanence between 4 and 9 months.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability to think about and reflect upon one's thinking (metacognition) starts in the Preoperational stage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Knowledge through senses is a core cognitive capacity in the Sensorimotor stage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of cognitive development with their approximate age range:

    <p>Sensorimotor = 0-2 years Preoperational = 2-7 years Concrete Operational = 7-11 years Formal Operational = 11+ years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of cognitive development with the corresponding description:

    <p>Sensorimotor = Knowledge is through senses; object permanence develops Preoperational = Verbal and egocentric thinking develop; unable to understand conservation Concrete Operational = Conservation of shape and number becomes possible; logic is based on concrete observations Formal Operational = Abstract reasoning and systematic problem-solving develop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cognitive capacities with the appropriate stage of development:

    <p>Object permanence develops = Sensorimotor Conservation of liquid is not possible = Preoperational Scientific reasoning develops = Formal Operational Logic and reasoning limited to concrete observations = Concrete Operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stages of cognitive development with the core milestones acquired during those stages:

    <p>Sensorimotor = Sensory experiences; knowledge through touch, taste Preoperational = Egocentric thinking; beginnings of symbolic thought Concrete Operational = Developing the ability to conserve physical quantities Formal Operational = Metacognition and scientific reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stages of cognitive development with the type of reasoning typical for that stage:

    <p>Sensorimotor = Exploration through direct sensory and motor contact Preoperational = Egocentric and symbolic thinking Concrete Operational = Logical reasoning about concrete events Formal Operational = Abstract and hypothetical reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stimulus is an environmental input that always produces an unlearned, involuntary response?

    <p>Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the natural, automatic reaction to an unconditioned stimulus called?

    <p>Unconditioned response (UCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a neutral stimulus?

    <p>An object or situation that when presented alone does not lead to an automatic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a behavior learned to be performed upon the presentation of a specific stimulus?

    <p>Conditioned response (CR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

    <p>A previously neutral input that an organism learns to associate with the UCS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of classical conditioning does the bell represent after conditioning?

    <p>Conditioned stimulus (CS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the dog's salivation in response to the bell after conditioning?

    <p>Conditioned response (CR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the conditioning phase, what is the sequence of stimuli presented to the dog?

    <p>Bell followed by food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the context of classical conditioning?

    <p>The food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dog's initial reaction to the bell before any conditioning takes place?

    <p>No response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage of moral development are moral judgements driven by the need to avoid punishment?

    <p>Stage 1: Preconventional Morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage is characterized by a good boy/good girl orientation?

    <p>Stage 3: Conventional Morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage do individuals adhere to laws as social contracts for the common good?

    <p>Stage 5: Post Conventional Morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of moral development is characterized by a desire to meet personal needs?

    <p>Level 1: Preconventional Morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the Post Conventional Morality level typically begin?

    <p>Age 12+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives moral judgement in the Law and Order orientation?

    <p>Adhering to laws or authorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stages of moral development with their descriptions:

    <p>Stage 1 = Moral judgement driven by the need to avoid punishment Stage 2 = Moral judgements driven by the desire to meet personal needs Stage 3 = Moral judgement driven by a need to be accepted by others Stage 4 = Moral judgement driven by the desire to adhere to laws or authorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the levels of moral development with their types of morality:

    <p>Level 1 = Preconventional Morality Level 2 = Conventional Morality Level 3 = Post Conventional Morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ages with the stages of moral development:

    <p>2 to 10 years = Stage 1 and Stage 2 9+ = Stage 3 and Stage 4 12+ = Stage 5 and Stage 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the moral stages with their orientations:

    <p>Stage 3 = Good boy/Good girl orientation Stage 4 = Law and order orientation Stage 5 = Social Contract Orientation Stage 6 = Principled conscience-driven orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stages of moral development with their drivers:

    <p>Stage 1 = Need to avoid punishment Stage 2 = Desire to meet personal needs Stage 3 = Need to be accepted by others Stage 6 = Adherence to personal principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which cognitive development stage does metacognition typically develop?

    <p>Formal Operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the Preoperational stage?

    <p>Verbal and egocentric thinking develop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive capacity is NOT characteristic of the Concrete Operational stage?

    <p>Abstract reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive capacity are infants developing between the ages of 4 and 9 months in the Sensorimotor stage?

    <p>Object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range does the Formal Operational stage typically begin?

    <p>11+ years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Development Stages

    • Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): Knowledge is acquired through senses (tasting, seeing, smelling, touching, hearing).

    Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

    • Object Permanence: Develops between 4 and 6 months.
    • Verbal and Egocentric Thinking: Develops during this stage.
    • Cognitive Limitations: Can only mentally do what was previously done physically; conservation of shape, number, and liquid is not yet possible.

    Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

    • Conservation: Shape, number, and liquid conservation become possible.
    • Logical Reasoning: Develops, but is limited to concrete observations and appearances.

    Formal Operational Stage (11+ years)

    • Abstract Reasoning: Principles and ideals develop.
    • Systematic Problem Solving: Becomes possible, replacing trial and error methods.
    • Metacognition: Ability to think about and reflect upon one's own thinking develops.
    • Scientific Reasoning: Develops during this stage.

    Cognitive Development Stages

    • Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): Knowledge is acquired through senses (tasting, seeing, smelling, touching, hearing).

    Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

    • Object Permanence: Develops between 4 and 6 months.
    • Verbal and Egocentric Thinking: Develops during this stage.
    • Cognitive Limitations: Can only mentally do what was previously done physically; conservation of shape, number, and liquid is not yet possible.

    Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

    • Conservation: Shape, number, and liquid conservation become possible.
    • Logical Reasoning: Develops, but is limited to concrete observations and appearances.

    Formal Operational Stage (11+ years)

    • Abstract Reasoning: Principles and ideals develop.
    • Systematic Problem Solving: Becomes possible, replacing trial and error methods.
    • Metacognition: Ability to think about and reflect upon one's own thinking develops.
    • Scientific Reasoning: Develops during this stage.

    Stages of Cognitive Development

    • Cognitive development begins with the Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years), where knowledge is acquired through senses (tasting, seeing, smelling, touching, hearing) and object permanence develops between 4 and 9 months.

    Preoperational Stage

    • The Preoperational stage (2-7 years) is characterized by the development of verbal and egocentric thinking, allowing children to mentally perform tasks previously possible only physically.
    • However, during this stage, children are not yet able to understand conservation of shape, number, and liquid.

    Concrete Operational Stage

    • The Concrete Operational stage (7-11 years) marks the development of conservation of shape, number, and liquid, as well as the growth of logic and reasoning, albeit limited to what is concretely observed.

    Formal Operational Stage

    • The Formal Operational stage (11+ years) is characterized by the development of abstract reasoning, enabling individuals to think about principles and ideals.
    • Additionally, individuals at this stage can engage in systematic problem solving, moving beyond trial and error, and exhibit metacognition, the ability to think about and reflect upon their own thinking.
    • Scientific reasoning is also a hallmark of this stage.

    Stages of Cognitive Development

    • Cognitive development begins with the Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years), where knowledge is acquired through senses (tasting, seeing, smelling, touching, hearing) and object permanence develops between 4 and 9 months.

    Preoperational Stage

    • The Preoperational stage (2-7 years) is characterized by the development of verbal and egocentric thinking, allowing children to mentally perform tasks previously possible only physically.
    • However, during this stage, children are not yet able to understand conservation of shape, number, and liquid.

    Concrete Operational Stage

    • The Concrete Operational stage (7-11 years) marks the development of conservation of shape, number, and liquid, as well as the growth of logic and reasoning, albeit limited to what is concretely observed.

    Formal Operational Stage

    • The Formal Operational stage (11+ years) is characterized by the development of abstract reasoning, enabling individuals to think about principles and ideals.
    • Additionally, individuals at this stage can engage in systematic problem solving, moving beyond trial and error, and exhibit metacognition, the ability to think about and reflect upon their own thinking.
    • Scientific reasoning is also a hallmark of this stage.

    Conditioning Terminology

    • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): an environmental input that consistently elicits an unlearned, involuntary response.
    • Unconditioned Response (UCR): the natural, automatic, and involuntary reaction to a stimulus, present from birth.
    • Neutral Stimulus: an object or situation that, on its own, does not trigger an automatic response.
    • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): a previously neutral input that becomes associated with the UCS through learning.
    • Conditioned Response (CR): a behavior that is learned in response to the CS, resulting from the association with the UCS.

    Here are the study notes for Classical Conditioning:

    • UCS stands for unconditioned stimulus • CS stands for conditioned stimulus • UCR stands for unconditioned response • CR stands for conditioned response

    Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

    Level 1: Preconventional Morality

    • Infants aged 2-10 years: Moral judgment driven by a need to avoid punishment (Obedience and punishment orientation)
    • Children aged 2-10 years: Moral judgments driven by the desire to meet personal needs (Instrumental-relativist orientation of exchange)

    Level 2: Conventional Morality

    • From age 9 and above: Moral judgment driven by a need to be accepted by others (Good boy/Good girl orientation)
    • From age 9 and above: Desire to adhere to laws and authorities (Law and order orientation)

    Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality

    • From age 12 and above: Adherence to laws set up as social contracts for the common good (Social Contract Orientation)
    • From age 12 and above: Moral judgment driven by adherence to personal principles (Principled conscience orientation)

    Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

    Level 1: Preconventional Morality

    • Infants aged 2-10 years: Moral judgment driven by a need to avoid punishment (Obedience and punishment orientation)
    • Children aged 2-10 years: Moral judgments driven by the desire to meet personal needs (Instrumental-relativist orientation of exchange)

    Level 2: Conventional Morality

    • From age 9 and above: Moral judgment driven by a need to be accepted by others (Good boy/Good girl orientation)
    • From age 9 and above: Desire to adhere to laws and authorities (Law and order orientation)

    Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality

    • From age 12 and above: Adherence to laws set up as social contracts for the common good (Social Contract Orientation)
    • From age 12 and above: Moral judgment driven by adherence to personal principles (Principled conscience orientation)

    Stages of Cognitive Development

    • From 0-2 years, infants learn through senses (tasting, seeing, smelling, touching, hearing) and develop object permanence between 4 and 9 months.
    • Between 2-7 years, children develop verbal and egocentric thinking, can do mentally what they could only do physically, but lack conservation of shape, number, and liquid.
    • From 7-11 years, children's cognitive abilities advance to conserve shape, number, and liquid, and develop logic and reasoning, but limited to concrete observations.
    • From 11 years onwards, adolescents develop abstract reasoning, principles, and ideals, and can solve problems systematically, think about their thinking (metacognition), and apply scientific reasoning.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser