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Negative reinforcement can be defined as: Stimulus _________________, contingent upon a response, which _________________ the future probability of that response.
Negative reinforcement can be defined as: Stimulus _________________, contingent upon a response, which _________________ the future probability of that response.
Removed, increases
What is an example of a negative reinforcement contingency?
What is an example of a negative reinforcement contingency?
Jo moves to another chair away from the window, where it is shady.
What is one problem that might arise with Mary Jo's negative reinforcement intervention?
What is one problem that might arise with Mary Jo's negative reinforcement intervention?
The stimulus change following the occurrence of the target behavior is not immediate.
Unlike assessments for identifying positive reinforcers, assessments for negative reinforcers must place equal emphasis on _______________ as well as the consequence events for target behavior.
Unlike assessments for identifying positive reinforcers, assessments for negative reinforcers must place equal emphasis on _______________ as well as the consequence events for target behavior.
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What is the key difference between an escape contingency and an avoidance contingency?
What is the key difference between an escape contingency and an avoidance contingency?
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Negative reinforcement can be defined as: Stimulus _________________, contingent upon a response, which _________________ the future probability of that response.
Negative reinforcement can be defined as: Stimulus _________________, contingent upon a response, which _________________ the future probability of that response.
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What is an example of a negative reinforcement contingency?
What is an example of a negative reinforcement contingency?
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What problem might arise with Mary Jo's negative reinforcement intervention for Anjali?
What problem might arise with Mary Jo's negative reinforcement intervention for Anjali?
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Unlike assessments for identifying positive reinforcers, assessments for negative reinforcers must place equal emphasis on _______________ as well as the consequence events for target behavior.
Unlike assessments for identifying positive reinforcers, assessments for negative reinforcers must place equal emphasis on _______________ as well as the consequence events for target behavior.
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What is the key difference between an escape contingency and an avoidance contingency?
What is the key difference between an escape contingency and an avoidance contingency?
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Which of the following is an example of free-operant avoidance?
Which of the following is an example of free-operant avoidance?
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Which of the following could be maintained by negative reinforcement?
Which of the following could be maintained by negative reinforcement?
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An unconditioned reinforcer:
An unconditioned reinforcer:
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What factors are important to consider for effectively changing behavior with negative reinforcement?
What factors are important to consider for effectively changing behavior with negative reinforcement?
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What did the study by Rodgers and Iwata (1991) demonstrate about error correction procedures?
What did the study by Rodgers and Iwata (1991) demonstrate about error correction procedures?
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Ethical concerns about the use of negative reinforcement stem from:
Ethical concerns about the use of negative reinforcement stem from:
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The potential side effects of negative reinforcement are similar to the side effects associated with:
The potential side effects of negative reinforcement are similar to the side effects associated with:
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Study Notes
Negative Reinforcement Overview
- Defined as the removal of a stimulus contingent on a response, which increases the future probability of that response.
- Focuses on the effect of eliminating an aversive condition to strengthen behavior.
Examples of Negative Reinforcement
- Jo experiences warmth from sunlight at Starbucks and moves to a shaded chair, reinforcing the behavior of choosing shaded areas during future visits.
- Anjali is motivated to complete 15 math problems to avoid a worksheet on Friday, but there may be delays in stimulus change affecting behavior.
Importance of Antecedents
- Assessments for negative reinforcement must consider both the establishing operation (EO) and the consequences for the target behavior.
Escape vs. Avoidance Contingencies
- Escape contingency: EO is present before the target behavior occurs.
- Avoidance contingency: EO is not present prior to the target behavior, highlighting the proactive nature of avoidance behavior.
Examples of Free-Operant Avoidance
- Options demonstrating avoidance behavior include Jackie avoiding conversation by crossing the street, Lavonda wearing a helmet for safety, and Nathaniel securing shutters against storms, indicating that all options illustrate free-operant avoidance.
Behaviors Maintained by Negative Reinforcement
- Behaviors such as completing schoolwork, cleaning bedrooms, and tantrums can all be maintained through negative reinforcement mechanisms.
Unconditioned Reinforcers
- Unconditioned reinforcers strengthen behavior without prior learning and can be viewed as inherited negative reinforcers.
Key Factors in Behavior Change Studies
- Ahearn and colleagues' study illustrated the effectiveness of immediate stimulus change, significant differences in stimulation pre- and post-response, the consistent escape from aversive conditions, and the unavailability of reinforcement for competing responses.
Learning and Avoidance Contingency
- Research by Rodgers and Iwata demonstrated that error correction procedures can result in learning partially due to avoidance contingencies, emphasizing the role of negative reinforcement in behavior management.
Ethical Concerns
- Ethical issues arise from negative reinforcement approaches, including the prolonged deprivation of positive reinforcement and the potential for creating environments that lead to undesired behaviors due to antecedent aversive stimuli.
Side Effects of Negative Reinforcement
- Side effects of negative reinforcement, such as crying or evasion, are comparable to those associated with punishment, highlighting the potential discomfort generated through negative reinforcement strategies.
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Test your understanding of negative reinforcement with these flashcards. Each card presents a key concept or example to help clarify this essential psychological principle. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their knowledge in psychology.
