Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to the James-Lange theory, what is the relationship between physiological arousal and the experience of emotion?
According to the James-Lange theory, what is the relationship between physiological arousal and the experience of emotion?
- Emotional experience causes physiological arousal.
- Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.
- Physiological arousal and emotional experience are independent of each other.
- Physiological arousal causes the experience of emotion. (correct)
Which of the following statements best describes the role of vasomotor reactions in Lange's theory of emotion?
Which of the following statements best describes the role of vasomotor reactions in Lange's theory of emotion?
- Vasomotor reactions are voluntary actions that precede emotional experience.
- Vasomotor reactions occur after the emotional experience as a result of voluntary actions
- Vasomotor reactions, specifically changes in blood vessels and blood supply, 'produce' emotions. (correct)
- Vasomotor reactions are irrelevant to the experience of emotion.
What is a key criticism of the James-Lange theory, as highlighted by Cannon's research?
What is a key criticism of the James-Lange theory, as highlighted by Cannon's research?
- The same visceral changes occur in very different emotional states and in non-emotional states. (correct)
- Total separation of the viscera from the central nervous system alters emotional behavior.
- Artificial induction of emotions always causes the expected visceral changes.
- Visceral changes are too fast to be a source of emotional feeling.
Which brain area is most associated with the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
Which brain area is most associated with the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
What is the central idea of Schachter & Singer's Two-Factor Theory of emotion?
What is the central idea of Schachter & Singer's Two-Factor Theory of emotion?
Which of the following is a core thesis of Darwin's evolutionary theory of emotion?
Which of the following is a core thesis of Darwin's evolutionary theory of emotion?
Which perspective suggests emotions are tools to appraise experiences and prepare to act on situations?
Which perspective suggests emotions are tools to appraise experiences and prepare to act on situations?
How do moods differ from emotions, according to the provided information?
How do moods differ from emotions, according to the provided information?
With which philosophical figure is the idea that emotions are uncontrollable forces most closely associated?
With which philosophical figure is the idea that emotions are uncontrollable forces most closely associated?
Which of the following best describes Aristotle's view on emotions?
Which of the following best describes Aristotle's view on emotions?
According to Keltner & Gross (1999), what is the primary role of emotions?
According to Keltner & Gross (1999), what is the primary role of emotions?
What is the function of facial expressions in Darwin's evolutionary theory of emotion?
What is the function of facial expressions in Darwin's evolutionary theory of emotion?
What differentiates Lange's theory from James's original theory of emotion?
What differentiates Lange's theory from James's original theory of emotion?
According to the content, what is one reason that voluntary actions are seen as distinct from emotional reactions in the context of the James-Lange theory?
According to the content, what is one reason that voluntary actions are seen as distinct from emotional reactions in the context of the James-Lange theory?
What is a key distinction between mood and emotion, as described in the provided information?
What is a key distinction between mood and emotion, as described in the provided information?
According to componential theories of emotion, what is the primary factor determining emotional experiences?
According to componential theories of emotion, what is the primary factor determining emotional experiences?
What key question remains unresolved regarding emotions, according to the provided content?
What key question remains unresolved regarding emotions, according to the provided content?
Psychological constructionism posits that emotions arise from what process?
Psychological constructionism posits that emotions arise from what process?
According to Barrett (2006) and Lindquist & Gendron (2013), how are general affective responses shaped into discrete emotions?
According to Barrett (2006) and Lindquist & Gendron (2013), how are general affective responses shaped into discrete emotions?
What are the two dimensions composing 'core affect,' according to Russel (2003)?
What are the two dimensions composing 'core affect,' according to Russel (2003)?
According to the Circumplex Model of Emotion, what underlies the feeling of a specific emotion?
According to the Circumplex Model of Emotion, what underlies the feeling of a specific emotion?
What does psychological constructionism consider as an 'umbrella term'?
What does psychological constructionism consider as an 'umbrella term'?
What concept is essential for understanding emotions as scientific objects, requiring differentiation from mood and feeling?
What concept is essential for understanding emotions as scientific objects, requiring differentiation from mood and feeling?
Which of the following is NOT a classical theory of emotion, according to the provided content?
Which of the following is NOT a classical theory of emotion, according to the provided content?
What is the core idea behind cognitive appraisal theories of emotion?
What is the core idea behind cognitive appraisal theories of emotion?
In contrast to evolutionary and appraisal theories, what does psychological constructionism emphasize regarding emotions?
In contrast to evolutionary and appraisal theories, what does psychological constructionism emphasize regarding emotions?
What is the starting point of the natural scientific paradigm when measuring emotions?
What is the starting point of the natural scientific paradigm when measuring emotions?
According to Popper, what makes a statement scientific?
According to Popper, what makes a statement scientific?
What is a key ethical guideline for experimentally inducing emotions in a laboratory setting?
What is a key ethical guideline for experimentally inducing emotions in a laboratory setting?
Which of the following is a method used to experimentally induce emotions?
Which of the following is a method used to experimentally induce emotions?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily involved in regulating mood?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily involved in regulating mood?
According to the 'Behavioral Ecology' perspective, what is the primary purpose of facial expressions?
According to the 'Behavioral Ecology' perspective, what is the primary purpose of facial expressions?
What is the central premise of the theory of embodied simulation regarding emotion perception?
What is the central premise of the theory of embodied simulation regarding emotion perception?
What is the main challenge in understanding of the association between disgust and the insula?
What is the main challenge in understanding of the association between disgust and the insula?
What is a primary reason why mirror neurons are currently under intense debate regarding their role in emotion understanding?
What is a primary reason why mirror neurons are currently under intense debate regarding their role in emotion understanding?
Which is NOT a function of emotion?
Which is NOT a function of emotion?
Which of the following perspectives posits that facial expressions are primarily shaped by culture-specific situational factors and interpretations?
Which of the following perspectives posits that facial expressions are primarily shaped by culture-specific situational factors and interpretations?
What is the role of mechanoreceptors in the expression of emotion?
What is the role of mechanoreceptors in the expression of emotion?
What have point-light displays revealed about the role of bodily expressions in emotion?
What have point-light displays revealed about the role of bodily expressions in emotion?
What distinguishes facial muscles from other muscles in the body?
What distinguishes facial muscles from other muscles in the body?
According to psychological constructionist approaches, what is expected regarding brain area activation across different emotion categories?
According to psychological constructionist approaches, what is expected regarding brain area activation across different emotion categories?
How can sound be tested in the study of vocal emotion?
How can sound be tested in the study of vocal emotion?
What is the role of oxytocin in the neurochemistry of emotions?
What is the role of oxytocin in the neurochemistry of emotions?
What is the current status of the Facial Feedback Hypothesis?
What is the current status of the Facial Feedback Hypothesis?
Which of the following is NOT a basic aspect of analyzing sound in vocal emotion?
Which of the following is NOT a basic aspect of analyzing sound in vocal emotion?
General psychology primarily focuses on:
General psychology primarily focuses on:
The term 'emotion' is derived from the Latin 'e-movere,' which originally described:
The term 'emotion' is derived from the Latin 'e-movere,' which originally described:
In the 16th century England 'emotion' primarily referred to:
In the 16th century England 'emotion' primarily referred to:
Which of the following is considered a component of 'feeling' in the context of emotional experience?
Which of the following is considered a component of 'feeling' in the context of emotional experience?
How is the term 'affect' generally used in relation to 'emotion'?
How is the term 'affect' generally used in relation to 'emotion'?
According to the lecture, what is a key characteristic that distinguishes general psychology from other branches of psychology?
According to the lecture, what is a key characteristic that distinguishes general psychology from other branches of psychology?
What is the most accurate description of the perspective of emotion in the 19th century?
What is the most accurate description of the perspective of emotion in the 19th century?
Which research orientation aligns best with the principles of general psychology?
Which research orientation aligns best with the principles of general psychology?
What is a central tenet of psychological constructionism in the context of neuroscientific theories of emotion?
What is a central tenet of psychological constructionism in the context of neuroscientific theories of emotion?
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what is the primary function of the 'Ego'?
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what is the primary function of the 'Ego'?
What defines the 'Superego' instance of personality, according to Freudian psychoanalysis?
What defines the 'Superego' instance of personality, according to Freudian psychoanalysis?
Within the framework of Freudian psychoanalysis, what is the role of ego defenses?
Within the framework of Freudian psychoanalysis, what is the role of ego defenses?
How did Freud conceptualize 'affect' in relation to the development of the ego theory?
How did Freud conceptualize 'affect' in relation to the development of the ego theory?
What is a central component of an 'affect' in Freud's dynamic sense?
What is a central component of an 'affect' in Freud's dynamic sense?
What does Walach (2009) suggest regarding Natural Sciences and the Social Sciences?
What does Walach (2009) suggest regarding Natural Sciences and the Social Sciences?
What concept describes the human being, according to Walach (2009) / Schutz (1953)
What concept describes the human being, according to Walach (2009) / Schutz (1953)
How might emotions influence decision-making?
How might emotions influence decision-making?
How might emotions independently arouse?
How might emotions independently arouse?
What does research on the expression of emotion need to address in the future?
What does research on the expression of emotion need to address in the future?
What factor contribute to conflicting instances in psychoanalysis?
What factor contribute to conflicting instances in psychoanalysis?
How is libido conceptualized in Freud's psychoanalysis?
How is libido conceptualized in Freud's psychoanalysis?
As noted in the text about emotions and memory when talking about the influence of emotional states on memory, what models are mentioned?
As noted in the text about emotions and memory when talking about the influence of emotional states on memory, what models are mentioned?
How does Turner (2006) describe Emotions, according to Freud's Psychoanalysis?
How does Turner (2006) describe Emotions, according to Freud's Psychoanalysis?
In the context of emotional perception, what did Aviezer, Trope, and Todorov's (2012) study primarily demonstrate about facial expressions in real-life situations?
In the context of emotional perception, what did Aviezer, Trope, and Todorov's (2012) study primarily demonstrate about facial expressions in real-life situations?
According to Representation Theory, how is knowledge about concepts, such as 'cats' or 'university,' typically stored in cognitive structures?
According to Representation Theory, how is knowledge about concepts, such as 'cats' or 'university,' typically stored in cognitive structures?
What is the core thesis of Associative Network Models regarding the relationship between different nodes in memory?
What is the core thesis of Associative Network Models regarding the relationship between different nodes in memory?
According to Bower's (1981) associative network theory of emotions, what is a key assumption about how emotions are represented in memory?
According to Bower's (1981) associative network theory of emotions, what is a key assumption about how emotions are represented in memory?
What is the central idea behind Embodied Simulation Models of knowledge representation, as proposed by Niedenthal (2007)?
What is the central idea behind Embodied Simulation Models of knowledge representation, as proposed by Niedenthal (2007)?
How do emotional states primarily influence perception?
How do emotional states primarily influence perception?
What is the relationship between attention and emotional objects?
What is the relationship between attention and emotional objects?
What does the term 'Mood-Congruent Memory' refer to?
What does the term 'Mood-Congruent Memory' refer to?
Which of the following best describes 'Mood-State Dependent Memory'?
Which of the following best describes 'Mood-State Dependent Memory'?
What is mood-congruent judgment?
What is mood-congruent judgment?
According to the 'Affect-As-Information Model', how do individuals use their affective state when making evaluative judgements?
According to the 'Affect-As-Information Model', how do individuals use their affective state when making evaluative judgements?
What is the main concept of Appraisal Tendency Framework?
What is the main concept of Appraisal Tendency Framework?
What is the main proposition of the Somatic Marker Hypothesis concerning decision-making?
What is the main proposition of the Somatic Marker Hypothesis concerning decision-making?
How does the scope of attention change in different emotional states?
How does the scope of attention change in different emotional states?
Which of the following statements best summarizes the scholarly debate regarding the relationship between emotions and cognitions?
Which of the following statements best summarizes the scholarly debate regarding the relationship between emotions and cognitions?
What is the primary focus of sociology in relation to emotions?
What is the primary focus of sociology in relation to emotions?
What central concept connects social constructionism and emotions?
What central concept connects social constructionism and emotions?
In psychoanalysis, which aspect is emphasized regarding the understanding of emotions?
In psychoanalysis, which aspect is emphasized regarding the understanding of emotions?
How do emotions influence people's decision-making processes?
How do emotions influence people's decision-making processes?
Which of the following best represents the intersection of emotions and language in discursive psychology?
Which of the following best represents the intersection of emotions and language in discursive psychology?
What role does the notion of 'social worlds' play in the study of social psychology?
What role does the notion of 'social worlds' play in the study of social psychology?
Which element is not included in the conceptualization of emotions according to Turner & Stets?
Which element is not included in the conceptualization of emotions according to Turner & Stets?
According to Gordon's thesis on emotions, emotions originate primarily from which source?
According to Gordon's thesis on emotions, emotions originate primarily from which source?
What approach does sociology utilize to examine emotional experiences distinctively?
What approach does sociology utilize to examine emotional experiences distinctively?
How are emotions perceived in the context of social constructionism?
How are emotions perceived in the context of social constructionism?
Which of the following is an example of a verbal measure used in questionnaires to assess emotional experience?
Which of the following is an example of a verbal measure used in questionnaires to assess emotional experience?
What does the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) primarily measure?
What does the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) primarily measure?
Which of the following tools is used to assist with the time-consuming observation process in the Facial Action Coding Scheme (FACS)?
Which of the following tools is used to assist with the time-consuming observation process in the Facial Action Coding Scheme (FACS)?
What is the primary purpose of using facial EMG in emotion research?
What is the primary purpose of using facial EMG in emotion research?
What does EEG measure in the study of emotion?
What does EEG measure in the study of emotion?
Which brain region plays a crucial role in the regulation and inhibition of emotion, as suggested by fMRI studies?
Which brain region plays a crucial role in the regulation and inhibition of emotion, as suggested by fMRI studies?
Which of the following physiological responses is indicative of novelty and intensity of affects?
Which of the following physiological responses is indicative of novelty and intensity of affects?
What is the central thesis of the locationist account of emotion?
What is the central thesis of the locationist account of emotion?
According to the psychological constructionist account, what are the basic 'ingredients of the mind' that realize all mental states?
According to the psychological constructionist account, what are the basic 'ingredients of the mind' that realize all mental states?
What is the role of 'conceptualization' in the psychological constructionist account of emotion?
What is the role of 'conceptualization' in the psychological constructionist account of emotion?
Which of the following refers to numerical assessments that are converted into verbal descriptions (e.g., not at all, a little, moderate) in questionnaires?
Which of the following refers to numerical assessments that are converted into verbal descriptions (e.g., not at all, a little, moderate) in questionnaires?
According to the psychological constructionist account of emotion, what is the role of emotion words?
According to the psychological constructionist account of emotion, what is the role of emotion words?
Which method involves examining how expressed emotions are identified by observers?
Which method involves examining how expressed emotions are identified by observers?
What signal does fMRI detect to create images of brain activity?
What signal does fMRI detect to create images of brain activity?
What does Event Related Potential (ERP) measure?
What does Event Related Potential (ERP) measure?
According to Plutchik, what outcome is associated with the emotion of anger and rage in response to an obstacle?
According to Plutchik, what outcome is associated with the emotion of anger and rage in response to an obstacle?
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for classifying 'basic' emotions according to Ekman, Izard and Tomkins?
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for classifying 'basic' emotions according to Ekman, Izard and Tomkins?
What is the central idea of the 'affect program' concept as proposed by Tomkins and McCarter?
What is the central idea of the 'affect program' concept as proposed by Tomkins and McCarter?
According to appraisal theories of emotion, what primarily determines the emotion experienced by an individual?
According to appraisal theories of emotion, what primarily determines the emotion experienced by an individual?
What is Magda Arnold's main proposition regarding emotion in her Cognitive Appraisal Theory?
What is Magda Arnold's main proposition regarding emotion in her Cognitive Appraisal Theory?
What are the two major types of appraisal described by Richard Lazarus in his cognitive mediational theory?
What are the two major types of appraisal described by Richard Lazarus in his cognitive mediational theory?
According to Frijda, what role do 'meanings' and 'appraisals' play in determining emotions?
According to Frijda, what role do 'meanings' and 'appraisals' play in determining emotions?
What is the implication of Niedenthal's statement about a species's natural architecture spreading over generations?
What is the implication of Niedenthal's statement about a species's natural architecture spreading over generations?
In the context of appraisal patterns, what appraisal might lead to the experience of fear?
In the context of appraisal patterns, what appraisal might lead to the experience of fear?
What is the role of action tendency, according to Magda Arnold's theory?
What is the role of action tendency, according to Magda Arnold's theory?
What is the significance of 'adaptive primary appraisals', according to appraisal theories?
What is the significance of 'adaptive primary appraisals', according to appraisal theories?
According to evolutionary theory, what is the predicted relationship between the components of emotion (feelings, facial expressions, and changes in autonomic activity)?
According to evolutionary theory, what is the predicted relationship between the components of emotion (feelings, facial expressions, and changes in autonomic activity)?
What does Frijda mean when he says that emotions are 'lawful phenomena'?
What does Frijda mean when he says that emotions are 'lawful phenomena'?
What factor differentiates 'adaptive primary appraisals' from '(Learned) secondary appraisals'?
What factor differentiates 'adaptive primary appraisals' from '(Learned) secondary appraisals'?
Which is true about the relationship between wild animal stimuli and human emotions?
Which is true about the relationship between wild animal stimuli and human emotions?
Flashcards
General Psychology
General Psychology
A branch of psychology focusing on universal mental processes rather than differences.
History of General Psychology
History of General Psychology
Overview of how general psychology has developed and its research methods.
Universalism
Universalism
The idea that psychological processes are similar across different people and contexts.
Functionalism
Functionalism
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Emotion
Emotion
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Feelings
Feelings
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Affect
Affect
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Learning Theories
Learning Theories
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Mood
Mood
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Emotions as Judgments
Emotions as Judgments
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Plato's View on Emotions
Plato's View on Emotions
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Aristotle's View on Emotions
Aristotle's View on Emotions
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James-Lange Theory
James-Lange Theory
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Cannon-Bard Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
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Two-Factor Theory
Two-Factor Theory
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Evolutionary Theories of Emotion
Evolutionary Theories of Emotion
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Facial Expressions in Evolution
Facial Expressions in Evolution
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Philosophical Origins of Emotions
Philosophical Origins of Emotions
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Psychological Perspective on Emotions
Psychological Perspective on Emotions
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Affective Residue
Affective Residue
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Visceral Reactions
Visceral Reactions
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Appraisal in Emotion
Appraisal in Emotion
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Emotional Regulation
Emotional Regulation
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Biologically Prepared Stimulus
Biologically Prepared Stimulus
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Adaptive Problems
Adaptive Problems
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Plutchik's Theory
Plutchik's Theory
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Componential Theories
Componential Theories
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Basic Emotions
Basic Emotions
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Appraisal Theories
Appraisal Theories
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Core Affect
Core Affect
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Psychological Constructionism
Psychological Constructionism
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Cognitive Appraisal Theory
Cognitive Appraisal Theory
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Categorisation
Categorisation
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Primary Appraisal
Primary Appraisal
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Secondary Appraisal
Secondary Appraisal
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Affect vs. Emotion
Affect vs. Emotion
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Appraisal
Appraisal
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Affect Program
Affect Program
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Facial Expressions
Facial Expressions
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Emotion as Action Tendency
Emotion as Action Tendency
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Survival of the Gene
Survival of the Gene
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Physiological Arousal
Physiological Arousal
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Specific Appraisal Patterns
Specific Appraisal Patterns
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Emotion Components
Emotion Components
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Frijda's Laws of Emotion
Frijda's Laws of Emotion
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Cognitive Appraisal Theory
Cognitive Appraisal Theory
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Falsification in Science
Falsification in Science
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Niedenthal's Assumptions
Niedenthal's Assumptions
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Inducing Emotions
Inducing Emotions
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Experimental Ethics
Experimental Ethics
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Natural Scientific Approaches
Natural Scientific Approaches
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Questionnaires
Questionnaires
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Likert Scale
Likert Scale
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PANAS
PANAS
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Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM)
Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM)
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Facial Action Coding Scheme (FACS)
Facial Action Coding Scheme (FACS)
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Facial Action Units (AUs)
Facial Action Units (AUs)
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Facial EMG
Facial EMG
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
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EEG
EEG
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fMRI
fMRI
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Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
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Locationist Account
Locationist Account
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Psychological Constructionist Account
Psychological Constructionist Account
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Executive Attention
Executive Attention
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Gratification of Instinctual Drives
Gratification of Instinctual Drives
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Ego Development
Ego Development
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Psychoanalytic Affect Theoretical Framework
Psychoanalytic Affect Theoretical Framework
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Social Research in Psychology
Social Research in Psychology
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Social Constructionism
Social Constructionism
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Cultural Influence on Emotions
Cultural Influence on Emotions
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Biological Activation in Emotions
Biological Activation in Emotions
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Rationality and Emotions
Rationality and Emotions
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Discursive Psychology
Discursive Psychology
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Cultural Theory of Emotions
Cultural Theory of Emotions
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Facial Emotion Context
Facial Emotion Context
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Embodied Simulation Model
Embodied Simulation Model
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Cognition in Emotion
Cognition in Emotion
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Mood-Congruent Memory
Mood-Congruent Memory
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Associative Network Models
Associative Network Models
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Perception and Emotion
Perception and Emotion
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Judgment and Emotion
Judgment and Emotion
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Somatic Marker Hypothesis
Somatic Marker Hypothesis
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Appraisal Tendency Framework
Appraisal Tendency Framework
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Emotion and Memory
Emotion and Memory
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Winning vs. Losing Faces
Winning vs. Losing Faces
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Cognition as Altering Factor
Cognition as Altering Factor
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Representation Theory
Representation Theory
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Mood-State Dependent Memory
Mood-State Dependent Memory
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Attention and Emotion
Attention and Emotion
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Exempted Emotions
Exempted Emotions
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Locationism
Locationism
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Facial Expression Research
Facial Expression Research
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Emotion-Cognition Debate
Emotion-Cognition Debate
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Dual Nature of Psychology
Dual Nature of Psychology
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Freud's Id
Freud's Id
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Freud's Ego
Freud's Ego
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Freud's Superego
Freud's Superego
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Ego Defense Mechanisms
Ego Defense Mechanisms
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Repressed Emotions
Repressed Emotions
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Affect in Psychoanalysis
Affect in Psychoanalysis
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Significant Experience
Significant Experience
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Amygdala Activation
Amygdala Activation
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Insula and Disgust
Insula and Disgust
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Hubs in Brain Networks
Hubs in Brain Networks
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Mirror Neurons
Mirror Neurons
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Neurochemistry of Emotions
Neurochemistry of Emotions
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Functions of Emotions
Functions of Emotions
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Innate vs. Learned Expressions
Innate vs. Learned Expressions
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
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Theory of Embodied Simulation
Theory of Embodied Simulation
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Bodily Expressions
Bodily Expressions
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Vocal Expression Patterns
Vocal Expression Patterns
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Serotonin Function
Serotonin Function
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Oxytocin Role
Oxytocin Role
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Behavioral Ecology Perspective
Behavioral Ecology Perspective
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Study Notes
General Psychology I - Study Notes
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Course Description: Covers the history, methods, and fundamental concepts of perception, memory, learning, and emotions in psychology. Explores classical and contemporary theories and models.
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Course Structure: Two 90-minute lectures per week on Tuesdays.
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Course Credit: 3 ECTS credits.
General Psychology
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Scope: A branch within psychology that focuses on common psychological processes and mechanisms, rather than individual differences. Often used interchangeably with psychology itself.
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Aim: Identifies similarities rather than differences in mental phenomena, contrasting with differential psychology, which focuses on differences.
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Focus: Emphasizes the mechanisms and processes behind mental phenomena, not the specific contents.
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Key Ideas: Universalism and functionalism guide general psychological research.
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Specific Areas: Includes perception, cognition, memory, motivation, and emotion.
Psychology of Emotions
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Definition: Derived from the Latin "e-movere" meaning to "move away/remove." Initially used to describe movement/migration. Later in England (16th century) referred to social agitation and by the 19th century referred to changes within the psyche.
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Historic Perspective: Historically, emotion was often seen as a disruption to a balanced mental state.
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Feelings: Subjective experiences that are emotional components. A mental representation of the body state. Examples include hunger, tiredness.
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Affect: A broader term encompassing emotional states, both current and dispositional, with representations of appraisals. Often used in combination (affect disorders, core affects, affect regulation).
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Mood: Long-lasting, often non-object-specific emotional states. Triggers don't need conscious representation, acting like an emotional residue of past experiences, potentially affecting subsequent emotions and judgments.
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Philosophical Roots: Influences from Plato (emotions as uncontrollable forces) and Aristotle (emotions serve functions through appraisals).
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Key Psychological Perspectives: Emotions are episodic, short-term, biologically-based patterns of perception, experience, physiology, action, and communication, regulating relationships with the environment.
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Psychological-Developmental Perspective: Emotions construct and carry meaning across experiences, aiding appraisal and action.
Early Emotion Theories
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James-Lange Theory: (William James, Carl Lange) Physiological arousal precedes emotional experience. Bodily reactions (e.g., heart rate, shaky hands) are felt as emotions. An appraisal component was added to the theory highlighting the overall situation, where automatic reactions are stronger than voluntary actions. Not all visceral changes necessarily trigger emotion.
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Cannon-Bard Theory: (Walter Cannon, Philip Bard) Criticizes the James-Lange Theory, stating visceral changes are slow, not unique to emotions, and insensitive to affect. A stimulus triggers both an emotional experience and a physiological response in parallel through a brain pathway.
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Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory: Emotional experience depends on both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of the situation. The same physiological state can be labeled differently depending on appraisal.
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Evolutionary Theory: (Charles Darwin) Emotions assist in solving adaptive problems by acting as a form of early ‘pre’-processing and motivation.
- Emotions and adaptive problems share the same survival meaning for people and cause particular emotional reactions;
- adaptive benefit for survival (action tendency). Emotions are biologically determined.
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Basic Emotions: (Tomkins, Izard, Ekman) Innate emotional states with universal expressions, discrete physiology, and automatic appraisal.
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Appraisal Theories: (Frijda, Roseman, Scherer, Smith & Ellsworth) Emotions are linked to appraisals of the environment. Different appraisals trigger different emotional responses.
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Cognitive Appraisal Theory: (Magda Arnold) Emotions stem from appraising a situation as good or bad for oneself, leading to an action tendency.
- Fast, intuitive initial appraisal.
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Cognitive Mediational Theory: (Richard Lazarus) Emotions stem from the perception and interpretation of a stimulus. Key appraisal stages are primary and secondary appraisal.
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Componential Theories: (Scherer) Different components (e.g., facial expression, arousal, action) of emotions are triggered by distinct appraisals.
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Psychological Constructionism: Emotions are not pre-existing biological entities; they're products of mental processes and learned categories. Emotions are individually constructed categories, rather than pre-existing.
Natural Scientific Approaches to Emotions
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Measurement: Methods to measure emotions, including questionnaires (Likert scales, PANAS, SAM), facial expressions (FACS, Facial EMG), and physiological parameters (EEG, fMRI, heart rate).
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Experimental Design: Ethical guidelines in experiments involving induced emotions to avoid harm and encourage ecologically valid situations.
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Brain Regions and Emotions: Locationist views emphasize specific brain regions for emotions, while psychological constructionist views focus on network activity.
The Emotional Brain
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Locationist vs. Constructionist Accounts: Locationist argues emotions have unique neural pathways. Constructionist argues brain regions work in networks to construct emotions.
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Emotional Perception and Production: Processes in both experiencing and recognizing emotions rely on shared brain circuits, including mirror neurons.
Functions of Emotions
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Adaptation: Emotions help prepare for and respond to the environment, as 'pre'-processing and motivation.
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Communication: Emotions help convey needs and interact socially.
Expression of Emotion
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Facial and Bodily Expressions: Facial expressions are often interpreted as innate and universal. However, learned and cultural influences also play a role in expression and interpretation.
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Smiling may increase happiness, but current research is debated. Also, the expresser’s internal emotional state may be different from the expression displayed.
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Vocal Expressions: Patterns of vocalization accompany and express different emotions.
The Role of Cognition in Emotion Psychology
- Emotion and Cognition Interdependence: Cognition informs and is influenced by emotions.
- Representation Theories: Cognitive structures represent information; associative networks connect emotion representations.
- Embodied Simulation Models: Remembering emotions involves reactivating sensory-motor states.
- Emotion and Perception: Emotional states affect attention.
- Emotion and Memory: Mood congruent memory tendencies.
- Emotion and Judgment: Mood congruent judgment and affect-as-information.
- Emotion and Decision-Making: Somatic marker hypothesis; emotions guide decision-making.
Emotions and Social Sciences
- Psychology as Both Natural and Social Science: Recognizes both natural and social components within human experience. -Social Constructionism: Emphasizes how culture shapes understanding and labeling of emotions.
- Psychoanalysis (Freud): Emotional experiences reflect unconscious processes, conflicts between ID, Ego and SuperEgo.
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