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Questions and Answers
Which of the following describes the principle of social influence?
Which of the following describes the principle of social influence?
Neutrality is often considered a valid option in group norms.
Neutrality is often considered a valid option in group norms.
False
What are injunctive norms?
What are injunctive norms?
Behaviors perceived as approved by other people.
What is private acceptance?
What is private acceptance?
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Match the theories of emotions with their definitions:
Match the theories of emotions with their definitions:
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According to Weiner's attributional theory, emotions stem from the ______ we attribute to events.
According to Weiner's attributional theory, emotions stem from the ______ we attribute to events.
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What happens when we do not know how to behave in social settings?
What happens when we do not know how to behave in social settings?
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The James-Lange theory suggests that the experience of emotion is based on physiological reactions.
The James-Lange theory suggests that the experience of emotion is based on physiological reactions.
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Which type of norm is not openly stated and is learned through transgression?
Which type of norm is not openly stated and is learned through transgression?
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What is the hallmark of the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?
What is the hallmark of the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?
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What are the components of the two-factor theory of emotion?
What are the components of the two-factor theory of emotion?
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Who conducted the experiment that tested the two-factor theory of emotion in 1962?
Who conducted the experiment that tested the two-factor theory of emotion in 1962?
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Participants who were informed about the effects of adrenalin were more likely to feel happy than those who were not informed.
Participants who were informed about the effects of adrenalin were more likely to feel happy than those who were not informed.
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According to the opponent-process theory, what happens to emotional reactions over time?
According to the opponent-process theory, what happens to emotional reactions over time?
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What does Lazarus's cognitive theory suggest about emotions?
What does Lazarus's cognitive theory suggest about emotions?
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The arousal theory suggests that all physiological responses are unique to specific emotions.
The arousal theory suggests that all physiological responses are unique to specific emotions.
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What might happen in a group where one person does not conform to the emotional expressions?
What might happen in a group where one person does not conform to the emotional expressions?
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The two-factor theory states that emotion is a combination of physiological ______ and cognitive ______.
The two-factor theory states that emotion is a combination of physiological ______ and cognitive ______.
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What are the seven theories of emotions mentioned?
What are the seven theories of emotions mentioned?
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What does the James-Lange theory of emotion propose?
What does the James-Lange theory of emotion propose?
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Who independently proposed the James-Lange theory of emotion?
Who independently proposed the James-Lange theory of emotion?
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According to Cannon-Bard theory, how do emotions and physiological reactions occur?
According to Cannon-Bard theory, how do emotions and physiological reactions occur?
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What is the main difference between Cannon-Bard theory and James-Lange theory?
What is the main difference between Cannon-Bard theory and James-Lange theory?
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What is the contribution of Schachter-Singer’s two-factor theory of emotions?
What is the contribution of Schachter-Singer’s two-factor theory of emotions?
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The __________ theory suggests that physiological arousal leads to emotional labeling based on environmental context.
The __________ theory suggests that physiological arousal leads to emotional labeling based on environmental context.
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What physiological changes occur when a person feels fear according to James-Lange theory?
What physiological changes occur when a person feels fear according to James-Lange theory?
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What does the Opponent-process theory explain?
What does the Opponent-process theory explain?
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Who proposed the cognitive theory of emotion?
Who proposed the cognitive theory of emotion?
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What are the four steps in the process of emotion according to the two-factor theory?
What are the four steps in the process of emotion according to the two-factor theory?
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In Schachter and Singer's experiment, what hormone was injected into participants to produce arousal?
In Schachter and Singer's experiment, what hormone was injected into participants to produce arousal?
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Participants who were informed about the effects of the injection showed the same emotional responses as those who were not informed.
Participants who were informed about the effects of the injection showed the same emotional responses as those who were not informed.
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The opponent-process theory suggests that emotional reactions are followed by an opposite reaction.
The opponent-process theory suggests that emotional reactions are followed by an opposite reaction.
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What are the two central assumptions of the opponent-process theory of emotion?
What are the two central assumptions of the opponent-process theory of emotion?
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According to Lazarus's cognitive theory, what is essential before an emotional reaction occurs?
According to Lazarus's cognitive theory, what is essential before an emotional reaction occurs?
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Match the following theories of emotion with their key concepts:
Match the following theories of emotion with their key concepts:
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What can trigger social contagion effects?
What can trigger social contagion effects?
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Lower self-esteem individuals are less susceptible to social influence regarding emotional expression.
Lower self-esteem individuals are less susceptible to social influence regarding emotional expression.
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Study Notes
Theories of Emotions
- Emotions have physiological, cognitive, and subjective components.
- The order of physiological arousal and emotional experience is debated among various theories.
- Theories include: James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer, Opponent-process, Lazarus’s cognitive theory, Arousal, and Social theories.
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
- Proposed by William James and Carl Lange.
- Emotions result from physiological reactions to external stimuli.
- Sequence: Environmental event → Physiological change → Emotional experience.
- Example: Seeing a bear leads to trembling, resulting in the realization of fear ("I am trembling, therefore I am afraid").
- Suggests that physiological states create emotions rather than emotions causing physiological responses.
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
- Developed by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard.
- Emotions and physiological reactions occur simultaneously in response to a stimulus.
- The thalamus sends messages to the brain resulting in reactions: "I see a snake → I am afraid → I begin to tremble."
- Emotions do not arise solely from physiological changes or cognitive processes; both occur in parallel.
Bem’s Explanation of Behavior
- Introduced by Thomas Gilbert in "Human Competence."
- Focuses on performance analysis through the Behaviour Engineering Model (BEM).
- Identifies distinctions between behavior and accomplishment to define "worthy performance."
- Introduces the concept of Potential for Improving Performance (PIP) based on performance gaps.
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotions
- Proposes that emotions arise from the interaction of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal.
- Sequence: Physiological arousal + Environmental cues = Emotion label.
- Example: Tension in a parking lot leads to fear if a man approaches or passion if a friendly interaction occurs.
Schachter and Singer’s Experiment
- Conducted in 1962 with 184 male participants injected with epinephrine.
- Participants were misinformed about the injection effects.
- Those not informed were more influenced by the confederate’s emotional behavior (euphoric or angry).
- Findings supported that emotions are influenced by physiological states and cognitive interpretations of those states.
Major Comparisons and Contrasts
- James-Lange theory links physiological responses directly to emotions.
- Cannon-Bard theory posits that emotions and physiological responses are parallel processes.
- Schachter-Singer emphasizes the role of cognition in interpreting physiological arousal, suggesting emotions arise from situational cues.
- Each theory presents a unique perspective on how emotions are structured and experienced.### Emotional Arousal and Cognition
- Emotional experiences are influenced by the availability of cognitions at the time of arousal.
- Lack of explanation for arousal leads individuals to label emotions based on external cues.
- Arousal without clear reasons may result in incorrect labeling of emotions.
Experiment Overview
- The study involved 184 male college students from Minnesota University.
- Participants were given a fake injection called “Suproxin,” which was either adrenalin or a placebo.
- Adrenalin effects included increased heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, lasting from 10 minutes to an hour.
- Participants were divided into different groups:
- Adrenalin Ignorant (no information)
- Adrenalin Informed (informed of effects)
- Adrenalin Misinformed (incorrect information)
- Control Group
Findings on Emotional Response
- Misinformed participants experienced the highest levels of happiness due to lack of understanding of their physiological state.
- Emotional reactions differ based on how much individuals understand their arousal responses.
Two-Factor Theory by Schachter and Singer
- Emotion arises from physiological arousal combined with cognitive appraisal of the situation.
- Arousal from events (e.g., traffic scares) is labeled based on contextual cues (fear, attraction).
- Critics argue that emotions can be felt before cognitive evaluation occurs and that emotional states have distinct physiological signatures.
Opponent-Process Theory
- Strong emotions trigger their opposites shortly after (e.g., elation followed by disappointment).
- Repeated exposure to stimuli weakens the initial emotional response while the opposing reaction strengthens.
- This theory can help explain addictive behaviors, where pleasure suppresses withdrawal pain.
Lazarus’s Cognitive Theory
- Emotions are fundamentally cognitive functions dependent on the appraisal of a situation.
- Situational appraisal can lead to either positive or negative emotional states.
- Responses to threats may involve coping strategies to manage emotions.
Arousal Theory
- Arousal is a general physiological response that elevates awareness, influencing emotional experiences.
- Different emotions stem from cognitive interpretation of arousal states, challenging the idea of distinct emotional experiences.
Social Theories of Emotion
- Emotions can be contagious, leading to collective behaviors in groups, noticeable in crowd dynamics.
- Social proofs impact individual emotions; people often conform to group emotions to fit in.
- Normative social influence is driven by the desire for approval from others and can significantly alter emotional expression.
Norms and Emotional Behavior
- Norms dictate acceptable behaviors, including emotional expressions within a group.
- Deviations from social norms can lead to emotional reactions, such as shame or anxiety.
- Understanding group dynamics is crucial for influencing emotions positively or negatively.
Decision Making in Group Dynamics
- Individuals often conform to group behaviors to avoid social ridicule or rejection.
- Emotional responses tend to align with those of the group, particularly in ambiguous or urgent situations.
- Public compliance differs from private acceptance, with the former being driven by fear of disapproval.
Conclusion on Emotional Theories
- Emotional experiences arise from a combination of cognitive appraisal and physiological arousal.
- Various theories (two-factor, opponent-process, cognitive) explain different aspects of how emotions are perceived and expressed.
- The interplay between individual cognition and social influence significantly shapes emotional behavior in everyday life.### Theories of Emotions
- Emotions form a significant aspect of human experience, influenced by various theories.
- Averill's Social Theory: Emotions are transitory social roles adopted based on cultural definitions.
- Weiner's Attributional Theory: Emotions stem from attributions made to events, shaping emotional responses over time.
Key Emotion Theories
- James-Lange Theory: Proposes that physiological responses to stimuli lead to the experience of emotions.
- Cannon-Bard Theory: Suggests emotions and physiological reactions occur simultaneously in response to stimuli.
- Schachter-Singer Theory (Two-Factor Theory): Emotional experience arises from physiological arousal plus cognitive appraisal of the situation.
- Opponent-Process Theory: Strong emotional responses are followed by opposing emotions to maintain balance.
Emotional Mechanisms
- Bodily Arousal: Initial physiological reactions define emotional experiences.
- Cognitive Appraisal: The assessment of situations can influence emotional responses.
Characteristics and Effects of Emotions
- Emotions are complex and affect individual behavior.
- They involve physiological reactions, subjective cognitive states, and social roles.
- Emotions can lead to immediate behavioral changes and long-term impacts on well-being.
Key Terms
- Arousal: A state of mental readiness for activity.
- Cognitive Appraisal: Evaluating the potential effects of a situation on one’s well-being before reacting.
Self-Assessment Topics
- Explore key characteristics of emotions.
- Analyze the origins of emotions.
- Discuss how emotions influence individual behavior.
- Elucidate on various theories of emotions, including salient features.
- Detail the hallmark of Schachter-Singer theory.
- Define social theories concerning emotions.
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Description
Explore the various theories of emotions in this quiz. Delve into the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer theories, among others. Test your understanding of each theory's key concepts and criticisms to solidify your knowledge in psychology.
