Psychology Chapter 10 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is personality?

A theory that describes similarities in people's behaviors.

An individual's consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. (correct)

An unconscious component of personality.

The psychological energy associated with sexuality.

What does personality theory attempt to explain?

Similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

What is psychoanalysis according to Freud?

It emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive drives, and early childhood experiences.

What is free association?

A psychoanalytic technique where the patient reports all thoughts, feelings, and images as they come to mind. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term unconscious mean in Freud's theory?

Thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that operate below the level of conscious awareness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the id?

The completely unconscious and irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction. Signup and view all the answers

What does eros refer to in psychology?

The self-preservation of life instinct reflecting basic biological urges. Signup and view all the answers

How is libido defined?

Psychological and emotional energy associated with expressions of sexuality. Signup and view all the answers

What does thanatos represent?

The death instinct reflected in aggressive and self-destructive actions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pleasure principle?

The motive to obtain pleasure and avoid discomfort, guiding the id. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ego?

The partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Define reality principle.

The capacity to accomplish external demands by postponing gratification. Signup and view all the answers

What is the superego?

The moralistic component of personality formed through the internalization of rules. Signup and view all the answers

What are ego defense mechanisms?

Unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that reduce anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

What is repression?

The exclusion of anxiety-provoking thoughts from conscious awareness. Signup and view all the answers

What does displacement refer to?

Shifting the target of an emotional urge to a less threatening substitute. Signup and view all the answers

Define sublimation.

Redirecting sexual urges toward socially acceptable activities. Signup and view all the answers

What are psychosexual stages according to Freud?

Developmental periods where a child's sexual urges focus on different body areas. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Oedipus complex?

The theory of sexual desire towards the opposite-sex parent and rivalry with the same-sex parent. Signup and view all the answers

How is identification defined in psychology?

Reducing anxiety by imitating the behavior of another person. Signup and view all the answers

What is the collective unconscious according to Jung?

The part of the unconscious mind inherited from previous generations containing universal experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Define archetypes in Jung's theory.

Inherited mental images of universal human instincts and themes. Signup and view all the answers

What is humanistic psychology?

A viewpoint emphasizing the inherent goodness of people and their potential. Signup and view all the answers

What is the actualizing tendency in Rogers' theory?

The innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism. Signup and view all the answers

What is self-concept?

The set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself. Signup and view all the answers

Define conditional positive regard.

Feeling valued only when behaving in an acceptable way. Signup and view all the answers

What is unconditional positive regard?

Feeling valued regardless of behavior; unconditional love. Signup and view all the answers

Describe social cognitive theory.

A theory emphasizing learning through observation and the influence of cognitive processes. Signup and view all the answers

What is reciprocal determinism?

A model explaining human functioning as the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

Define self-efficacy.

Beliefs about one's ability to meet demands in specific situations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a trait?

A relatively stable predisposition to behave consistently in a certain way. Signup and view all the answers

What does trait theory focus on?

Identifying and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions. Signup and view all the answers

What are surface traits?

Observable personality characteristics or attributes. Signup and view all the answers

Define source traits.

Fundamental dimensions of personality that are universal and few in number. Signup and view all the answers

What is the five-factor model of personality?

A trait theory identifying five fundamental building blocks of personality. Signup and view all the answers

What is behavioral genetics?

A field studying the effects of genes and heredity on behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a physiological test?

A test that assesses abilities, aptitudes, interests, or personality based on behavior samples. Signup and view all the answers

What is a projective test?

A type of test involving interpretation of ambiguous images to assess unconscious motives. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Rorschach inkblot test?

A projective test using inkblots to reveal unconscious thoughts. Signup and view all the answers

Define graphology.

A pseudoscience that assesses personality from handwriting and drawing styles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Thematic Apperception Test?

A projective test that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a self-report inventory?

A psychological test comparing responses to standardized questions against norms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the MMPI?

A self-report inventory assessing personality characteristics and psychological disorders. Signup and view all the answers

What does CPI stand for?

California Psychological Inventory. Signup and view all the answers

What is the 16PF?

A self-report inventory generating a personality profile based on 16 traits. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Personality Concepts

Personality is characterized by consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Personality theory aims to describe and explain individual differences in these patterns.

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

Psychoanalysis focuses on unconscious influences, instinctual drives, and early childhood experiences.
Free Association is a technique where patients report thoughts and feelings spontaneously.
The unconscious holds drives and thoughts that are not in conscious awareness.
The Id is the irrational part of personality seeking immediate gratification, governed by the pleasure principle.
Eros represents life instincts that include sexual drives and self-preservation.
Libido is the psychological energy related to sexual expression.
Thanatos refers to the death instinct, manifesting in aggressive and self-destructive behaviors.

Ego and Defense Mechanisms

The Pleasure Principle drives the Id's need for immediate pleasure while avoiding discomfort.
The Ego is the rational part managing thoughts and behaviors in accordance with reality.
The Reality Principle allows for delayed gratification based on external circumstances.
The Superego reflects moral standards internalized from parents and society.
Ego defense mechanisms, like repression, displacement, and sublimation, help manage anxiety and unconscious conflicts.

Developmental Stages

Psychosexual Stages refer to developmental periods focused on different body areas and associated activities.
The Oedipus Complex describes a child's sexual desire toward the opposite-sex parent and rivalry with the same-sex parent.

Jung's Analytic Psychology

Collective unconscious contains shared ancestral experiences and ideas.
Archetypes are universal mental images central to the collective unconscious.

Humanistic Psychology

Emphasizes the inherent goodness and potential for self-actualization in individuals.
The Actualizing Tendency is the drive to enhance the human organism.
Self-concept reflects personal perceptions and beliefs about oneself.

Positive Regard

Conditional Positive Regard means individuals feel valued only for acceptable behaviors.
Unconditional Positive Regard promotes acceptance regardless of behavior conformity.

Bandura's theory focuses on observational learning, cognitive processes, and reciprocal determinism.
Reciprocal determinism explains personality through the interaction of behavior, cognition, and environment.
Self-efficacy is the belief in one's capabilities to meet challenges.

Trait Theory

Traits are stable predispositions for consistent behavior.
Trait Theory aims to identify and measure individual behavioral predispositions.
Surface traits are observable personality characteristics, while source traits represent fundamental dimensions of personality.

Five-Factor Model

Identifies five core personality traits: extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience.

Behavioral Genetics

Examines the interplay between genetics and behavior.

Personality Assessment Methods

Physiological Tests assess behavior through systematic samples.
Projective Tests, like the Rorschach Inkblot Test, involve interpreting ambiguous stimuli.
Thematic Appreciation Test assesses personality by creating narratives from ambiguous scenes.
Self-report inventories evaluate personality through standardized questions.
MMPI assesses personality characteristics and psychological disorders.
CPI focuses on personality assessment in normal populations.
16PF provides a comprehensive personality profile across 16 dimensions.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from Chapter 10 of Psychology. This quiz covers essential terms such as personality, personality theory, and psychoanalysis. Study these foundational ideas to better understand human behavior and mental processes.