أسئلة علي المحاضرة الثانية في الـ Psychology & Behavioral Science

• Personality is how individuals think, feel, and behave, influencing their interactions with the environment.
• Personality is generally stable but can be affected by environmental factors.
• Personality theories throughout history have aimed to understand individual personalities.

Formation of Personality

• Personality results from the interaction between inherited genes and early/persistent psychosocial experiences.
• Personality theories explore the psychological origins and social interactions that shape personality traits.

Influential Personality Theories

• Psychoanalytic theory
• Behavioral theory
• Humanistic theory
• Eric Erikson theory.
• Big 5 theories

Psychoanalytic Theory vs. Other Personality Theories

• Psychoanalytic theory explains normal personality development.
• It focuses on difficulties in early development that lead to long-term personality deficits or psychiatric disorders.
• Each theory relies on a specific type of psychotherapy rooted in its hypotheses and assumptions.
• Psychoanalytic theory is considered the first theory of personality

Psychoanalytic Theory

• Based on Sigmund Freud's concept, it explains behavior through unconscious mental processes.

Freud's Theories of Mind

• the Topographic theory
• the Structural theory
• Freud also explored Dreams, Instinct theory, and Transference.
• "Psychoanalysis" is Freud's psychotherapeutic model grounded in his theory.

Topographic Theory

• The mind contains three levels
  • Unconscious mind:
    • Contains repressed thoughts and feelings unavailable to the conscious mind.
    • Uses primary process thinking, associated with primitive drives, wish fulfillment, and pleasure seeking.
    • Lacks logic or a concept of time.
    • Evident in young children and psychotic adults.
    • Dreams represent gratification of unconscious instinctive impulses and wish fulfillment.
  • Preconscious mind:
    • Contains memories not immediately available but accessible.
  • Conscious mind:
    • Contains thoughts currently being aware of.
    • Works in conjunction with the preconscious but does not access the unconscious.
    • Uses secondary process thinking that is logical, mature, and time-oriented, and can delay gratification.

Structural Theory

• Id:
  • Contains instinctive sexual and aggressive drives.
  • Operates on primary process thinking.
  • Is not influenced by external reality.
• Superego:
  • Associated with moral values and conscience
• Ego:
  • Controls the expression of the id to adapt to external world through defense mechanisms.
  • Enables sustaining interpersonal relationships through reality testing. This process constantly evaluates what is valid and adapts to reality.
  • Maintains a sense of reality about the body and external world.

Structural vs. Topographical Model

Defense Mechanisms Definition

• Unconscious mental techniques used by the ego to manage conflicts, reduce anxiety, and maintain a sense of safety, equilibrium, and self-esteem.
• They can be useful in dealing with difficult life situations.
• Excessive use becomes a barrier to seeking care or adhering to treatment recommendations.

Regression

• Pushing unacceptable emotions into the unconscious i.e, Motivated forgetting,
• The basic defense mechanism

Helpful Defense Mechanisms

• Altruism
• Sublimation
• Humor
• Suppression

Immature Defense Mechanisms

• Are manifestations of childlike or disturbed behavior.

Commonly Used Defense Mechanisms

• Denial: Not accepting aspects of reality that the person finds unbearable.
• Displacement: Moving emotions from a personally intolerable situation to one that is personally tolerable.
• Reaction Formation: Adopting opposite attitudes to avoid personally unacceptable emotions.
• Projection: Attributing unacceptable feelings to others.
• Intellectualization: Using thinking to avoid experiencing emotion.
• Identification (Introjection): Patterning behavior after someone powerful.
• Dissociation: Mentally separating from real life events.
• Regression: Reverting to younger behavior.
• Altruism: Assisting others to avoid negative feelings.
• Humor: Expressing uncomfortable feelings without emotional discomfort.
• Suppression: Deliberately pushing unacceptable emotions out of conscious awareness; only defense mechanism that includes some aspect of consciousness.

Transference/Countertransference Definition

• They are unconscious mental attitudes based on past relationships that may alter judgment and behavior in patients' relationships with doctors (transference) and doctors' relationships with patients (countertransference)

Transference

• Positive Transference: Patient confidence in the doctor.
  • Intense cases may lead to over-idealization or sexual feelings.
• Negative Transference: Patient resentment or anger toward the doctor if desires/expectations aren't met.
  • Can lead to poor adherence to medical advice.

Countertransference

• Feelings about a patient that remind the doctor of a friend or relative can interfere with the doctor’s medical judgment.