Psychology Chapter 10 Flashcards

Study Notes

Cognition

Encompasses mental activities related to thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Concepts assist cognition by categorizing similar objects or ideas.

Concept

Refers to a mental grouping of similar items, events, or people.
Examples include varied types of chairs (high chair, reclining chair).
Prototypes serve as best examples within concepts, aiding in mental categorization.

Prototype

Represents the ideal or best example of a category to aid in quick categorization.
For instance, a robin exemplifies characteristics of a bird (winged, feathered).

Algorithm

A systematic and logical process that guarantees a solution to particular problems.
Can involve extensive combination testing, such as generating all possibilities of a letter mix.

Heuristic

A straightforward strategy that enhances problem-solving efficiency and reduces time compared to algorithms.
Involves shortcuts, such as trial and error, to arrive at decisions.

Insight

A sudden realization or breakthrough in understanding a problem's solution.
Contrasts with heuristics as it provides immediate clarity rather than relying on strategies.

Confirmation Bias

A cognitive bias where individuals favor information that confirms their existing beliefs.
Demonstrated by studies, such as Watson's 1960 experiment on belief confirmation.

Fixation

The inability to view a problem from a fresh perspective, hindering problem-solving.
Example: Remaining steadfast in an opinion despite contradictory evidence.

Mental Set

A habitual approach to problem-solving based on previous experiences, which may not be effective for new issues.
Reflects how past solutions can influence current problem-solving strategies.

Functional Fixedness

A cognitive limitation where individuals only consider standard uses of objects, impeding creative problem-solving.
Example: Searching for a screwdriver instead of using an alternative tool like a coin.

Representativeness Heuristic

Involves judging the probability of events based on how well they align with existing prototypes, often ignoring other relevant data.
Example: Inferring a stranger's occupational likelihood based on their characteristics, impacting the assessment of probabilities.

Availability Heuristic

Estimates event likelihood based on how easily instances come to mind, potentially skewing perception of commonality.
Example: Misjudging the frequency of drownings versus asthma attacks, influenced by media portrayal.

Description

Explore key concepts from Psychology Chapter 10 with these flashcards. Each card presents important terms related to cognition and concepts to enhance your understanding of mental processes. Perfect for students preparing for exams or anyone interested in psychology.