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Questions and Answers
A researcher is interested in studying the impact of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance. Participants are randomly assigned to either a group that gets 8 hours of sleep or a group that is kept awake for 24 hours. Cognitive performance is then measured using a standardized test. What is the independent variable in this study?
A researcher is interested in studying the impact of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance. Participants are randomly assigned to either a group that gets 8 hours of sleep or a group that is kept awake for 24 hours. Cognitive performance is then measured using a standardized test. What is the independent variable in this study?
- The standardized test
- Cognitive performance
- The amount of sleep (correct)
- The participants in the study
Which research method is most suitable for determining a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables?
Which research method is most suitable for determining a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables?
- Descriptive research
- Experimental research (correct)
- Case study
- Correlational research
A psychologist is studying the impact of a new therapy technique on reducing anxiety levels. Participants in the experimental group receive the new therapy, while participants in the control group receive standard therapy. What is the dependent variable?
A psychologist is studying the impact of a new therapy technique on reducing anxiety levels. Participants in the experimental group receive the new therapy, while participants in the control group receive standard therapy. What is the dependent variable?
- The psychologist
- Anxiety levels (correct)
- Participants in the study
- Type of therapy received
Which of the following is an example of covert behavior?
Which of the following is an example of covert behavior?
A study finds a strong positive correlation between hours spent studying and exam scores. What can be concluded from this?
A study finds a strong positive correlation between hours spent studying and exam scores. What can be concluded from this?
According to Ellis' ABC model, what is the role of a 'belief system' (B) in managing stress?
According to Ellis' ABC model, what is the role of a 'belief system' (B) in managing stress?
What is the MOST likely outcome of consistently suppressing one's emotions when experiencing stress?
What is the MOST likely outcome of consistently suppressing one's emotions when experiencing stress?
How might a Type A personality contribute to the development of coronary heart disease?
How might a Type A personality contribute to the development of coronary heart disease?
What does the research suggest about the relationship between depression and heart disease?
What does the research suggest about the relationship between depression and heart disease?
Which of the following BEST describes the current understanding of the relationship between stress and cancer?
Which of the following BEST describes the current understanding of the relationship between stress and cancer?
What is the MOST significant health benefit of quitting smoking before the age of 40?
What is the MOST significant health benefit of quitting smoking before the age of 40?
What are some of the main criticisms of the traditional food pyramid?
What are some of the main criticisms of the traditional food pyramid?
Which of the following is a MOST accurate description of 'psychological dependence' on a drug?
Which of the following is a MOST accurate description of 'psychological dependence' on a drug?
How does exercise contribute to overall well-being?
How does exercise contribute to overall well-being?
Which factor BEST explains why some people are non-adherent to medical treatments?
Which factor BEST explains why some people are non-adherent to medical treatments?
A researcher is studying the relationship between hours of sleep and exam scores but cannot manipulate sleep schedules. Which research method is most suitable?
A researcher is studying the relationship between hours of sleep and exam scores but cannot manipulate sleep schedules. Which research method is most suitable?
Which correlation coefficient indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?
Which correlation coefficient indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?
A self-help book promises to 'unlock your hidden potential' without citing any scientific research. Which characteristic of ineffective self-help books does this exemplify?
A self-help book promises to 'unlock your hidden potential' without citing any scientific research. Which characteristic of ineffective self-help books does this exemplify?
Which factor has the LEAST impact on an individual's overall happiness, according to the information provided?
Which factor has the LEAST impact on an individual's overall happiness, according to the information provided?
A student who believes their intelligence is unchangeable and avoids challenging tasks likely has which type of mindset?
A student who believes their intelligence is unchangeable and avoids challenging tasks likely has which type of mindset?
To remember a list of historical figures, a student associates each name with a specific landmark on their walk to school. Which memory technique are they using?
To remember a list of historical figures, a student associates each name with a specific landmark on their walk to school. Which memory technique are they using?
A city dweller experiences constant noise pollution from traffic. Which type of stressor does this represent?
A city dweller experiences constant noise pollution from traffic. Which type of stressor does this represent?
Before a big presentation, a student evaluates how threatening the situation is and whether they have the resources to cope. Which process does this exemplify?
Before a big presentation, a student evaluates how threatening the situation is and whether they have the resources to cope. Which process does this exemplify?
According to the Inverted U hypothesis, what level of emotional arousal is typically MOST beneficial for tackling a complex cognitive task?
According to the Inverted U hypothesis, what level of emotional arousal is typically MOST beneficial for tackling a complex cognitive task?
During a stressful event, which part of the autonomic nervous system activates the 'fight or flight' response?
During a stressful event, which part of the autonomic nervous system activates the 'fight or flight' response?
Which hormone is released by the adrenal gland as a result of activation of the pituitary gland during stress?
Which hormone is released by the adrenal gland as a result of activation of the pituitary gland during stress?
After a car accident, a person experiences persistent anxiety and flashbacks for less than a month. What condition are they MOST likely experiencing?
After a car accident, a person experiences persistent anxiety and flashbacks for less than a month. What condition are they MOST likely experiencing?
A person who consistently uses different coping strategies depending on the situation demonstrates:
A person who consistently uses different coping strategies depending on the situation demonstrates:
Which of the following is an example of an appraisal-focused coping strategy?
Which of the following is an example of an appraisal-focused coping strategy?
Which element is NOT typically required to achieve the relaxation response?
Which element is NOT typically required to achieve the relaxation response?
Flashcards
Psychology
Psychology
The science studying behaviour and mental processes.
Overt behaviour
Overt behaviour
Observable actions like yelling or salivating.
Covert behaviour
Covert behaviour
Non-observable actions like dreams or blood pressure changes.
Independent Variable (IV)
Independent Variable (IV)
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Dependent Variable (DV)
Dependent Variable (DV)
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Positive Correlation
Positive Correlation
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Negative Correlation
Negative Correlation
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Data Collection Methods
Data Collection Methods
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Ineffective Self Help Books
Ineffective Self Help Books
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Effective Self Help Books
Effective Self Help Books
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Fixed Mindset
Fixed Mindset
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Growth Mindset
Growth Mindset
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Method of Loci
Method of Loci
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Stress
Stress
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Appraisal of Stress
Appraisal of Stress
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General Adaptation Syndrome
General Adaptation Syndrome
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Coping
Coping
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Learned Helplessness
Learned Helplessness
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Constructive Coping
Constructive Coping
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Relaxation Response
Relaxation Response
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Ellis ABC Model
Ellis ABC Model
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Activating Event (A)
Activating Event (A)
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Belief System (B)
Belief System (B)
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Consequence (C)
Consequence (C)
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Type A Personality
Type A Personality
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Type B Personality
Type B Personality
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Stress and Heart Disease
Stress and Heart Disease
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Depression and Heart Disease
Depression and Heart Disease
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Physical Dependence
Physical Dependence
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Study Notes
Chapter 1: Psychology
- Psychology studies behavior, physiological, and mental processes.
- Overt behavior is observable (e.g., yelling, salivating).
- Covert behavior is not observable (e.g., dreams, blood pressure changes).
- Adjustment involves physiological processes used to manage daily life demands.
- Scientific approach to behavior relies on systematic observation, not speculation.
- Experimental research manipulates a variable (IV) to observe its effect on another (DV), allowing cause-and-effect conclusions.
- Independent variable is manipulated.
- Dependent variable is measured.
- Experimental group receives treatment.
- Control group does not receive treatment.
- Correlational research observes associations between variables when experimental control is not possible.
- Positive correlation: variables increase or decrease together.
- Negative correlation: variables move in opposite directions.
- Data collection methods include observations, interviews, questionnaires, tests, and physiological measures.
- Ineffective self-help books are vague, lack scientific grounding, and may encourage narcissism.
- Effective self-help books are based on research, realistic, and provide clear directions for behavior change.
Chapter 3: Stress
- Stress is any circumstance that threatens or is perceived as threatening well-being, limiting coping.
- Stressors range from chronic environmental factors to acute, short-term events.
- Appraisal of stress involves judging a situation as threatening or not and evaluating coping resources.
- Stress can be debilitating or enhancing, depending on how it's perceived.
Chapter 5: Personality, Emotion, and Health
- Personality traits influence physical health, especially cardiovascular health.
- Coronary heart disease is a leading cause of death, potentially linked to Type A personality traits (impatience, hostility).
- Type B personality is characterized by relaxed, patient behavior.
- Depression and heart disease are linked. Negative emotions and stress may worsen the prognosis and vice versa.
- Stress can affect immune function, increasing vulnerability to illness.
- Specific behavioral factors (smoking, alcohol, unsafe driving) significantly contribute to death risk.
- Nutritional factors (high fat, low fiber diet) can lead to heart disease and other conditions.
Chapter 4: Coping
- Coping involves efforts to reduce or tolerate stress.
- Coping flexibility allows individuals to select appropriate coping strategies based on the situation.
- Constructive coping involves active problem-solving, realistic appraisals, and managing emotions.
- Different types of constructive strategies are used to deal with issues including appraisal focused strategies and problem focused strategies.
- Relaxation techniques are important for managing stress (e.g., relaxation response, mental exercises),
- Stress and psychological disorders can be related (insomnia, depression, anxiety).
Other (General)
- Tolerance to a drug is a progressive decrease in a person's response to repeated use.
- Physical dependence occurs when a person needs the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
- Psychological dependence occurs when a person craves the drug mentally.
- Exercise reduces risks for various health issues, increasing happiness and well-being.
- Reactions to illness can vary, with some people responding poorly or not taking treatment adequately.
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Description
An introduction to psychology, covering the study of behavior, physiological processes, and mental processes. It distinguishes between overt and covert behaviors and explores adjustment mechanisms. The text also differentiate experimental and correlation research methods to psychology.
