Psychology Chapter 1: Basic Concepts and Neuroanatomy
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

  • Ionotropic receptors are located only in the presynaptic terminal, while metabotropic receptors are located only in the postsynaptic terminal.
  • Ionotropic receptors are responsible for excitatory neurotransmission, while metabotropic receptors are responsible for inhibitory neurotransmission.
  • Ionotropic receptors are faster and directly open ion channels, while metabotropic receptors are slower and involve intracellular signaling pathways. (correct)
  • Ionotropic receptors are slower and involve intracellular signaling pathways, while metabotropic receptors are faster and directly open ion channels.

    • What is the role of the Nodes of Ranvier in action potential propagation?

  • They are the sites where the signal gets transmitted from one neuron to another through the synaptic cleft.
  • They provide insulation for the neuron, preventing the loss of electrical signal.
  • They are the points where the action potential regenerates due to the influx of sodium ions. (correct)
  • They are the sites where neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron.

    • Which of the following correctly describes the movement of ions during the depolarization and repolarization phases of an action potential?

  • Depolarization involves chloride influx, while repolarization involves calcium efflux.
  • Depolarization involves sodium influx, while repolarization involves potassium efflux. (correct)
  • Depolarization involves both sodium and potassium influx, while repolarization involves both sodium and potassium efflux.
  • Depolarization involves potassium influx, while repolarization involves sodium efflux.

    • What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

    <p>It actively transports sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell, creating an electrochemical gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do SSRI drugs work to alleviate symptoms of depression?

    <p>They block the reuptake of serotonin, increasing its levels in the synapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of an action potential?

    <p>It is an all-or-none event, meaning it either occurs fully or not at all.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of electrostatic pressure in ion movement across the cell membrane?

    <p>It attracts ions of opposite charge and repels ions of the same charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the regulation of mood and sleep?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thalamus?

    <p>Relaying sensory information to the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure is responsible for fine motor control and coordination?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a valley or groove in the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Voluntary muscle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is associated with speech production?

    <p>Broca's Area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells act as immune cells in the central nervous system?

    <p>Microglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is responsible for controlling muscles?

    <p>Motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'rest and digest' response?

    <p>Parasympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What maintains the resting potential of a neuron?

    <p>Sodium-potassium pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the potential difference maintained by neurons at rest?

    <p>Resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the front/back orientation in neuroanatomy?

    <p>Rostral/caudal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the brain's reward system?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

    <p>Myelinate axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist proposed that language production is linked to the left frontal lobe?

    <p>Broca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In biopsychology, which variables are observed to understand brain-behavior relationships?

    <p>Somatic and Behavioral Variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of astrocytes in the nervous system?

    <p>Regulate blood flow to active neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of interneurons?

    <p>Integrate and relay signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical resting potential of a neuron?

    <p>-70 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon increases the speed of action potential propagation along myelinated axons?

    <p>Saltatory conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who first recognized the brain as the seat of intelligence and emotions?

    <p>Hippocrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts and Neuroanatomy

    • Neuron Doctrine: The brain is composed of discrete cells (neurons) that communicate via synapses, proposed by Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
    • Broca's Area: Located in the left frontal lobe, responsible for speech production. Damage results in Broca's aphasia (difficulty forming speech).
    • Wernicke's Area: Situated in the left temporal lobe, crucial for language comprehension. Damage leads to Wernicke's aphasia (difficulty understanding speech).
    • Somatic Variables: Physical structures and functions of the body, like brain size and neural activity.
    • Behavioral Variables: Observable actions and behaviors.
    • Glial Cells: Supportive cells in the nervous system, including:
      • Astrocytes: Support blood-brain barrier, regulate blood flow.
      • Microglia: Act as immune cells in the CNS.
      • Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS): Myelinate axons (vital in diseases like multiple sclerosis).
    • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Somatic (voluntary movement) and autonomic (involuntary functions) systems.
    • Nerves: Bundles of axons in the PNS, including cranial nerves (connect directly to the brain) and spinal nerves (connect to the spinal cord).
    • Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates involuntary processes, divided into sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) systems.
    • Neuroanatomy Terms: Rostral/caudal (front/back), Dorsal/ventral (top/bottom), Medial/lateral (middle/side).

    Chapter 2: Neurons and Electrical Signaling

    • Neuron Structure: The brain consists of approximately 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses.
    • Neuron Types: Motor neurons control muscles, sensory neurons respond to stimuli, and interneurons integrate and relay signals.
    • Glial Cells: Astrocytes regulate blood flow, microglia clean debris, and oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells myelinate axons.
    • Neural Electrical Activity: The resting potential is approximately -70mV, maintained by ion pumps and selective permeability. Action potentials are all-or-none depolarizations triggered by voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. Action potentials propagate along neurons, faster in myelinated axons due to saltatory conduction (nodes of Ranvier).

    Chapter 3: Chemical Synaptic Transmission

    • Synaptic Transmission: Neurotransmitters are released at synapses, binding to receptors on postsynaptic membranes.
    • Loewi's Frog Experiment: Demonstrated chemical signaling via neurotransmitters (acetylcholine).
    • Neurotransmitters: Examples include dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and GABA. Dopamine pathways are linked to reward and addiction.
    • Receptors: Ionotropic receptors are fast, direct ion channel effects, while metabotropic receptors are slower, second-messenger-mediated.

    Additional Concepts - Chapter 1 and 5

    • Drugs: Agonists enhance neurotransmitter activity, antagonists block activity. SSRIs prevent serotonin reuptake.
    • Directional Terms: Dorsal (top), ventral (bottom), rostral (front), caudal (rear). Cortical Organization: Gyrus (ridge), Sulcus(valley).
    • Brain Structures: Forebrain (telencephalon & diencephalon), midbrain, hindbrain, cerebellum
    • Nervous System Divisions: CNS (brain & spinal cord) and PNS (nerves connecting CNS to the body) -- autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
    • Imaging & Methods: Histology (Golgi, Nissl), and imaging techniques (fMRI, EEG).

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    Description

    This quiz explores foundational concepts in neuroanatomy, including the neuron doctrine, Broca's and Wernicke's areas, and the roles of glial cells. Test your knowledge of key terms and the functions of various brain structures essential for psychology and neuroscience.

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