Psychology Chapter 1: Basic Concepts and Neuroanatomy
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

  • Ionotropic receptors are located only in the presynaptic terminal, while metabotropic receptors are located only in the postsynaptic terminal.
  • Ionotropic receptors are responsible for excitatory neurotransmission, while metabotropic receptors are responsible for inhibitory neurotransmission.
  • Ionotropic receptors are faster and directly open ion channels, while metabotropic receptors are slower and involve intracellular signaling pathways. (correct)
  • Ionotropic receptors are slower and involve intracellular signaling pathways, while metabotropic receptors are faster and directly open ion channels.

What is the role of the Nodes of Ranvier in action potential propagation?

  • They are the sites where the signal gets transmitted from one neuron to another through the synaptic cleft.
  • They provide insulation for the neuron, preventing the loss of electrical signal.
  • They are the points where the action potential regenerates due to the influx of sodium ions. (correct)
  • They are the sites where neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron.

Which of the following correctly describes the movement of ions during the depolarization and repolarization phases of an action potential?

  • Depolarization involves chloride influx, while repolarization involves calcium efflux.
  • Depolarization involves sodium influx, while repolarization involves potassium efflux. (correct)
  • Depolarization involves both sodium and potassium influx, while repolarization involves both sodium and potassium efflux.
  • Depolarization involves potassium influx, while repolarization involves sodium efflux.

What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

<p>It actively transports sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell, creating an electrochemical gradient. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter?

<p>Glycogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do SSRI drugs work to alleviate symptoms of depression?

<p>They block the reuptake of serotonin, increasing its levels in the synapse. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of an action potential?

<p>It is an all-or-none event, meaning it either occurs fully or not at all. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of electrostatic pressure in ion movement across the cell membrane?

<p>It attracts ions of opposite charge and repels ions of the same charge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the regulation of mood and sleep?

<p>Serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thalamus?

<p>Relaying sensory information to the cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is responsible for fine motor control and coordination?

<p>Cerebellum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a valley or groove in the cerebral cortex?

<p>Sulcus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Voluntary muscle movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is associated with speech production?

<p>Broca's Area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells act as immune cells in the central nervous system?

<p>Microglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is responsible for controlling muscles?

<p>Motor neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'rest and digest' response?

<p>Parasympathetic Nervous System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What maintains the resting potential of a neuron?

<p>Sodium-potassium pump (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the potential difference maintained by neurons at rest?

<p>Resting potential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the front/back orientation in neuroanatomy?

<p>Rostral/caudal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the brain's reward system?

<p>Dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

<p>Myelinate axons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist proposed that language production is linked to the left frontal lobe?

<p>Broca (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In biopsychology, which variables are observed to understand brain-behavior relationships?

<p>Somatic and Behavioral Variables (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of astrocytes in the nervous system?

<p>Regulate blood flow to active neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of interneurons?

<p>Integrate and relay signals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical resting potential of a neuron?

<p>-70 mV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon increases the speed of action potential propagation along myelinated axons?

<p>Saltatory conduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who first recognized the brain as the seat of intelligence and emotions?

<p>Hippocrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Neuron Doctrine

A theory proposed by Santiago Ramón y Cajal stating that the brain is composed of individual cells (neurons) that communicate through connections called synapses.

Broca's Area

A brain area located in the left frontal lobe responsible for speech production. Damage to this area results in Broca's aphasia, characterized by difficulty speaking fluently.

Wernicke's Area

A brain area located in the left temporal lobe responsible for language comprehension. Damage to this area results in Wernicke's aphasia, characterized by difficulty understanding spoken language.

Somatic Variables

Physical structures or functions of the body, such as brain size or neural activity.

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Behavioral Variables

Observable behaviors or actions, such as speaking, walking, or thinking.

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Glial Cells

Supportive cells in the nervous system that provide structure, nourishment, and protection to neurons.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing information and controlling actions.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The part of the nervous system that consists of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, responsible for transmitting signals between the CNS and the body.

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Resting membrane potential

The electrical potential difference across a neuron's membrane when the neuron is at rest. It is typically around -70 millivolts.

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Diffusion

The movement of ions (charged particles) across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Electrostatic pressure

The force exerted by the electrical potential difference across a membrane on charged particles.

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Equilibrium potential

The electrical potential at which the net movement of an ion across a membrane is zero. This occurs when the chemical and electrical forces acting on the ion are balanced.

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Voltage-gated channels

Specialized protein channels that allow ions to pass through the cell membrane. They open and close in response to changes in membrane potential.

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Action Potential

A rapid, short-lasting electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron. It is generated by the movement of ions across the cell membrane.

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Action potential propagation

The process by which action potentials travel along the axon. It is faster in myelinated axons because the signal jumps between the gaps in the myelin sheath.

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Chemical synapse

A type of synapse that uses chemical messengers called neurotransmitters to transmit signals from one neuron to another.

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Acetylcholine

A type of neurotransmitter that activates receptors in the brain and body, playing a role in muscle contraction, memory, and learning.

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Dopamine

A type of neurotransmitter involved in reward, movement, motivation, and learning, with imbalances linked to conditions like Parkinson's disease.

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Serotonin

A type of neurotransmitter that regulates mood, sleep, appetite, and aggression, and is often affected in conditions like depression.

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GABA

A type of neurotransmitter that inhibits neuronal activity, playing a crucial role in anxiety regulation, sleep, and memory.

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Receptors

Structures on neurons that receive neurotransmitters and trigger a change in the cell's activity, with two types: ionotropic and metabotropic.

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Dopamine and Reward

The brain's reward system involves circuits that release dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in pleasure and motivation. These pathways are crucial for learning and reinforcement, but can also contribute to addictive behaviors.

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Neurons and Electrical Signaling

The brain's communication network is composed of billions of neurons, each communicating with others through electrical and chemical signals.

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What is a Neuron?

Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information through electrochemical signals. They have a specialized structure that includes a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

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Types of Neurons

Motor neurons are responsible for transmitting signals from the brain to muscles, controlling movement. Sensory neurons, on the other hand, carry signals from the body's sensory organs to the brain.

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What is Resting Potential?

A resting potential is the state of a neuron when it is not transmitting a signal, characterized by a negative electrical charge inside the cell. This potential is maintained by specialized pumps and channels that control the movement of ions across the cell membrane.

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What is an Action Potential?

An action potential is a short-lived but powerful electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron. This all-or-none event occurs when a neuron is sufficiently stimulated, causing a rapid change in the electrical charge across its membrane.

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Synaptic Transmission

Synaptic transmission involves the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron, which bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, initiating a signal in the next neuron.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts and Neuroanatomy

  • Neuron Doctrine: The brain is composed of discrete cells (neurons) that communicate via synapses, proposed by Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
  • Broca's Area: Located in the left frontal lobe, responsible for speech production. Damage results in Broca's aphasia (difficulty forming speech).
  • Wernicke's Area: Situated in the left temporal lobe, crucial for language comprehension. Damage leads to Wernicke's aphasia (difficulty understanding speech).
  • Somatic Variables: Physical structures and functions of the body, like brain size and neural activity.
  • Behavioral Variables: Observable actions and behaviors.
  • Glial Cells: Supportive cells in the nervous system, including:
    • Astrocytes: Support blood-brain barrier, regulate blood flow.
    • Microglia: Act as immune cells in the CNS.
    • Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS): Myelinate axons (vital in diseases like multiple sclerosis).
  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Somatic (voluntary movement) and autonomic (involuntary functions) systems.
  • Nerves: Bundles of axons in the PNS, including cranial nerves (connect directly to the brain) and spinal nerves (connect to the spinal cord).
  • Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates involuntary processes, divided into sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) systems.
  • Neuroanatomy Terms: Rostral/caudal (front/back), Dorsal/ventral (top/bottom), Medial/lateral (middle/side).

Chapter 2: Neurons and Electrical Signaling

  • Neuron Structure: The brain consists of approximately 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses.
  • Neuron Types: Motor neurons control muscles, sensory neurons respond to stimuli, and interneurons integrate and relay signals.
  • Glial Cells: Astrocytes regulate blood flow, microglia clean debris, and oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells myelinate axons.
  • Neural Electrical Activity: The resting potential is approximately -70mV, maintained by ion pumps and selective permeability. Action potentials are all-or-none depolarizations triggered by voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. Action potentials propagate along neurons, faster in myelinated axons due to saltatory conduction (nodes of Ranvier).

Chapter 3: Chemical Synaptic Transmission

  • Synaptic Transmission: Neurotransmitters are released at synapses, binding to receptors on postsynaptic membranes.
  • Loewi's Frog Experiment: Demonstrated chemical signaling via neurotransmitters (acetylcholine).
  • Neurotransmitters: Examples include dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and GABA. Dopamine pathways are linked to reward and addiction.
  • Receptors: Ionotropic receptors are fast, direct ion channel effects, while metabotropic receptors are slower, second-messenger-mediated.

Additional Concepts - Chapter 1 and 5

  • Drugs: Agonists enhance neurotransmitter activity, antagonists block activity. SSRIs prevent serotonin reuptake.
  • Directional Terms: Dorsal (top), ventral (bottom), rostral (front), caudal (rear). Cortical Organization: Gyrus (ridge), Sulcus(valley).
  • Brain Structures: Forebrain (telencephalon & diencephalon), midbrain, hindbrain, cerebellum
  • Nervous System Divisions: CNS (brain & spinal cord) and PNS (nerves connecting CNS to the body) -- autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
  • Imaging & Methods: Histology (Golgi, Nissl), and imaging techniques (fMRI, EEG).

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Description

This quiz explores foundational concepts in neuroanatomy, including the neuron doctrine, Broca's and Wernicke's areas, and the roles of glial cells. Test your knowledge of key terms and the functions of various brain structures essential for psychology and neuroscience.

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