Questions and Answers
Which part of the brain serves as the relay center for sensory and motor input?
Diencephalon
What brain component separates the lenticular nucleus from the thalamus?
Internal capsule
Which part of the brain is responsible for conscious thought and higher order thinking?
Cerebrum
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
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Which neurotransmitter is most commonly used in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which region of the body houses the pre-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for influencing all systems via the pituitary gland, brainstem, and spinal cord?
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Which receptors are more involved in the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which part of the body responds to the parasympathetic nervous system via the autonomic plexus?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for emotional control in the context of the autonomic nervous system?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'rest and digest' activities?
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Which neurotransmitter is released by the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic nervous system activation?
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Which part of the body houses the pre-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which neurotransmitter is most commonly used in the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which part of the body responds to the sympathetic nervous system via direct connection to the adrenal medulla?
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Which structure is responsible for neural integration and processing, deep to the cerebral cortex?
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Which lobe is associated with auditory processing, language, and memories?
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Which part of the brain regulates subconscious functions, heart rate, and breathing?
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Which part of the brain houses the primary motor cortex?
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Which part of the brain encompasses the primary visual cortex?
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Which part of the brain coordinates movement and integrates sensory information to guide body responses?
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What involves the formation and drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), providing physical support, shock absorption, and homeostasis for the brain?
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What serves as a major reflex center and conduction pathway for efferent and afferent signals?
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Which stage involves the formation of myelinated axons in the CNS and PNS?
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What marks where the spinal cord tapers off, and comprises loose spinal nerve roots?
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Which part contributes to the development of skeletal muscle, dermis, and vertebrae?
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Which stage involves the closure of the superior neuropore, formation of ventricles and cerebral hemispheres, and myelination of cerebral cortex?
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Study Notes
Neuroanatomy and Nervous System Development Overview
- The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla, which are involved in conveying and processing signals between the body and cerebrum, regulating subconscious functions, heart rate, and breathing.
- The gray matter of the brain includes structures such as the basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampus, which are responsible for neural integration and processing, deep to the cerebral cortex.
- The temporal lobe is associated with auditory processing, language, and memories, while the frontal lobe houses the primary motor cortex.
- The parietal lobe encompasses the primary sensory cortex, and the occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex.
- The cerebellum coordinates movement and integrates sensory information to guide body responses, with two lateral hemispheres connected by the vermis.
- The flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in ventricles and meninges involves the formation and drainage of CSF, providing physical support, shock absorption, and homeostasis for the brain.
- The arterial supply to the brain involves two internal carotid arteries and two vertebral arteries, along with dural venous sinuses that drain deoxygenated blood from the brain to internal jugular veins.
- The spinal cord serves as a major reflex center and conduction pathway for efferent and afferent signals, with the conus medullaris marking where the spinal cord tapers off and the cauda equina comprising loose spinal nerve roots.
- Development of the nervous system involves pre-embryonic, embryonic, and fetal stages, with the neural tube differentiating into various brain structures and the formation of myelinated axons in the CNS and PNS.
- The brain undergoes distinct developmental stages, including the formation of sulci and gyri, myelination of axons, and maturation of motor and sensory systems.
- The spinal column growth exceeds the spinal cord and nerve roots, and somites divide into myotome, dermatome, and sclerotome, contributing to the development of skeletal muscle, dermis, and vertebrae.
- The brain's development progresses through stages such as the closure of the superior neuropore, formation of ventricles and cerebral hemispheres, and myelination of cerebral cortex, culminating in the integration of information and purposeful action.
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