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Questions and Answers
Penicillin was administered to the men's wives.
Penicillin was administered to the men's wives.
False (B)
Which of the following reviews research that is conducted with animal subjects?
Which of the following reviews research that is conducted with animal subjects?
- NIH
- NIMH
- IACUC (correct)
- IRB
Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________.
Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________.
- the experiment
- the scientific method (correct)
- deductive reasoning
- inductive reasoning
Which research method involves repeatedly studying the same group of participants over an extended period of time?
Which research method involves repeatedly studying the same group of participants over an extended period of time?
The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable.
The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable.
Researchers are concerned that their own beliefs and the beliefs of study participants may skew the results of an experiment. Which of the following would eliminate this problem?
Researchers are concerned that their own beliefs and the beliefs of study participants may skew the results of an experiment. Which of the following would eliminate this problem?
Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________.
Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________.
Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively. They characterize the surface of the human brain.
Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively. They characterize the surface of the human brain.
Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?
Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?
The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.
The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.
Theresa's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Theresa has blue eyes. Therefore, Theresa's ________ must be ________, and her father's must be Bb.
Theresa's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Theresa has blue eyes. Therefore, Theresa's ________ must be ________, and her father's must be Bb.
A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.
A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.
The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.
The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.
The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.
The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.
Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete?
Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete?
During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?
During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?
The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________.
The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________.
In which lobe of the brain is the auditory cortex located?
In which lobe of the brain is the auditory cortex located?
Which of the following refers to the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals?
Which of the following refers to the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals?
Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?
Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?
Which of the following is not a limbic system structure?
Which of the following is not a limbic system structure?
Which of the following terms refers to a state of equilibrium in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels?
Which of the following terms refers to a state of equilibrium in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels?
Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of DNA.
Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of DNA.
Which term refers to the space between two neurons?
Which term refers to the space between two neurons?
Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 36.8% were likely to develop schizophrenia. Of adoptees whose mothers did not have schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 5.3% were likely to develop schizophrenia. What is the most appropriate conclusion of these results?
Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 36.8% were likely to develop schizophrenia. Of adoptees whose mothers did not have schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 5.3% were likely to develop schizophrenia. What is the most appropriate conclusion of these results?
The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________.
The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________.
Which of the following sits on the kidneys and secretes hormones when a person is in a state of stress?
Which of the following sits on the kidneys and secretes hormones when a person is in a state of stress?
Which of the following asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall?
Which of the following asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall?
The ________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves.
The ________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves.
Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________.
Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________.
Which of the following is a function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is a function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following is a midbrain structure critical to movement?
Which of the following is a midbrain structure critical to movement?
Both agonists and antagonists bind to ________.
Both agonists and antagonists bind to ________.
Which of the following are the two major subdivisions of the nervous system?
Which of the following are the two major subdivisions of the nervous system?
The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________.
The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________.
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation?
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation?
Why is psychology considered a social science? (Select all that apply)
Why is psychology considered a social science? (Select all that apply)
Naghemeh wants to focus on the emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. Which area of psychology should she work in?
Naghemeh wants to focus on the emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. Which area of psychology should she work in?
When studying personality traits, someone who is helpful, trusting, and empathetic will score high on the ________ trait.
When studying personality traits, someone who is helpful, trusting, and empathetic will score high on the ________ trait.
Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?
Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?
Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking?
Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking?
A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principles of ________.
A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principles of ________.
Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality?
Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality?
Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?
Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?
Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?
Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?
Which of the following best describes Noam Chomsky?
Which of the following best describes Noam Chomsky?
When studying personality traits, someone who is quiet, reserved, and withdrawn will score low on the ________ trait.
When studying personality traits, someone who is quiet, reserved, and withdrawn will score low on the ________ trait.
Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?
Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?
According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.
According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.
When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.
When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.
________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
Critical thinking is ________.
Critical thinking is ________.
Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by studying ________.
Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by studying ________.
Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?
Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences.
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences.
For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________.
For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________.
Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?
Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter.
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter.
Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution?
Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution?
Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.
Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.
Behaviorists study ________.
Behaviorists study ________.
The empirical method of study is based on ________.
The empirical method of study is based on ________.
Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.
Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.
A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment.
A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment.
What is Abraham Maslow best known for?
What is Abraham Maslow best known for?
Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.
Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.
Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?
Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?
When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the ________ trait.
When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the ________ trait.
Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.
Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.
What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?
What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?
Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.
Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.
Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?
Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?
In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?
In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?
The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________.
The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________.
In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.
In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.
Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing pain threshold differences between men and women. They recruit male and female participants and assign them to different experimental conditions to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. However, their primary independent variable (gender) is a subject variable. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.
Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing pain threshold differences between men and women. They recruit male and female participants and assign them to different experimental conditions to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. However, their primary independent variable (gender) is a subject variable. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.
Which of the following terms describes a relationship between two or more variables?
Which of the following terms describes a relationship between two or more variables?
A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.
A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.
________ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants.
________ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants.
Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to pose as daters at speed dating events and take notes on the behaviors of other participants. Which type of research method did they use?
Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to pose as daters at speed dating events and take notes on the behaviors of other participants. Which type of research method did they use?
Joanna, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Ryan, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?
Joanna, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Ryan, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?
Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.
Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.
Which of the following determines whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study?
Which of the following determines whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study?
Research on ________ subjects typically involves ________.
Research on ________ subjects typically involves ________.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of an effective hypothesis?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of an effective hypothesis?
The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.
The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.
Which of the following is the tendency to seek information that supports one's ideas or beliefs?
Which of the following is the tendency to seek information that supports one's ideas or beliefs?
Which of the following refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure?
Which of the following refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure?
Which of the following involves assessing the consistency of observations by different observers?
Which of the following involves assessing the consistency of observations by different observers?
Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?
Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?
Which of the following refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result?
Which of the following refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result?
Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?
Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?
The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.
The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.
Dr. Mattar wants to learn about the effects of brain injury to the occipital cortex, so she observes a few patients to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. Which type of research method is Dr. Mattar using?
Dr. Mattar wants to learn about the effects of brain injury to the occipital cortex, so she observes a few patients to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. Which type of research method is Dr. Mattar using?
Peer reviewers ________.
Peer reviewers ________.
Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.
Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.
Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?
Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?
Which of the following is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results?
Which of the following is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results?
In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.
In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.
________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.
________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.
Study Notes
Psychology as a Social Science
- Psychology examines behavior influenced by social interactions and biological factors.
- Critically studies how groups interact and affect individual behavior.
Areas of Psychology
- Wellness psychology focuses on emotional and health outcomes for psychologically healthy individuals.
- Clinical psychology is concerned with diagnosing and treating psychological disorders.
- Counseling psychology aids in personal development and resolving life issues.
Personality Traits
- High scores in agreeableness indicate helpfulness, trust, and empathy.
- Low scores in extroversion suggest characteristics like being quiet and reserved.
Psychological Theorists and Schools
- Jean Piaget's work exemplifies developmental psychology.
- Sigmund Freud contributed significantly to the understanding of personality through psychoanalytic theory.
- Noam Chomsky is known for his influence in cognitive psychology, particularly regarding language.
Methodologies and Critical Thinking
- Critical thinking encompasses recognizing biases, skepticism, and logical reasoning.
- Structuralism has been criticized for its subjective nature in studying psychology.
Feminist Psychology
- It questions male bias in science but does not favor women over men.
Research and Statistical Validity
- A valid scientific theory is repeatedly supported by evidence over time.
- Successful psychological research requires hypotheses to be testable and falsifiable.
Behaviorism
- Prioritizes overt behavior over mental processes, making psychology more objective.
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Basic survival needs, like food and shelter, are foundational for higher-level needs.
Observational Research
- Naturalistic observation involves studying behavior in its natural context.
Ethics in Research
- Ethical considerations are crucial during the designing, conducting, and reviewing of scientific research.
- Informed consent is vital, requiring participants to understand confidentiality, voluntariness, and the study's purpose.
Effect Measurement
- The dependent variable in a study tracks the effects of an independent variable.
- Quasi-experimental studies utilize existing subject variables, such as gender, without random assignment.
Psychological Disorders and Treatment
- Forensic psychologists are consulted for jury selection and witness preparation.
- Clinical psychologists diagnose and treat emotional and behavioral issues.
Research Design and Analysis
- Random sampling and random group assignment enhance the generalizability of research findings.
- Statistical analysis determines if observed differences between study groups are meaningful.
Brain Structure
- Gyri and sulci describe the folds and grooves on the surface of the brain, critical for its structure.
- Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe, is essential for speech production.
Polygenic Traits
- Most traits are influenced by multiple genes rather than a single one, highlighting genetic complexity.
Research Methods
- Longitudinal studies track the same participants over time, while double-blind studies prevent bias from both participants and researchers.### Genetics and Eye Color
- Brown allele (B) is dominant over blue allele (b).
- Theresa has blue eyes, indicating her genotype is likely bb.
- Father's genotype must be Bb to contribute dominant brown allele to offspring.
Role of Genetics in Disease
- Genetic differences can lead to varying outcomes in disease survival.
Nervous System
- The sympathetic nervous system triggers 'fight or flight' responses, including pupil dilation and increased heart rate.
- Autonomic nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions.
Neuron Structure
- Terminal buttons of a neuron contain synaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitters.
Hormonal Secretions
- Male gonads primarily secrete androgens.
- The adrenal gland is activated during stress, increasing hormone production.
Brain Functionality
- The somatosensory cortex processes sensory information such as temperature, touch, and pain.
- Auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe.
- Action potential refers to the electrical signal that travels along the axon.
Endocrine System
- Hormones are produced by the endocrine system's glands.
- Not all glands are endocrine; for instance, the hypothalamus is not classified as such.
Genetic and Environmental Interactions
- Genetic predisposition and environmental factors together influence the likelihood of developing conditions like schizophrenia.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis maintains optimal biological conditions, such as body temperature.
Chromosomes
- Human eggs and sperm contain 23 chromosomes, comprised of DNA.
Synaptic Connection
- The synapse is the space between two neurons where communication occurs.
Reactions and Boundaries of Genes
- The range of reaction principle suggests that genetics set developmental limits, while the environment shapes within those limits.
Brain Anatomy
- The longitudinal fissure separates the brain into two hemispheres.
Diabetes Classification
- Diabetes is classified as an endocrine disorder, as it involves hormone regulation (insulin).
Sympathetic Nervous System Functions
- The sympathetic nervous system's activities include increasing heart rate and dilating bronchi.
Movement Control
- The ventral tegmental area, located in the midbrain, is critical for movement regulation.
Receptor Interactions
- Both agonists and antagonists bind to cell receptors.
Nervous System Divisions
- The two major subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Myelin Sheath Composition
- The myelin sheath is formed by glial cells, which facilitate faster electrical impulse conduction.
Neurotransmitters
- Beta-endorphin functions as a neurotransmitter involved in pleasure and pain modulation.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Explore key concepts from Chapters 1-4 of Psychology through interactive flashcards. This quiz focuses on understanding psychology as a social science and its applications to individual outcomes. Test your knowledge and reinforce your learning effectively.
