Psychology Chapter 1-4 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Penicillin was administered to the men's wives.

False

Which of the following reviews research that is conducted with animal subjects?

NIH

NIMH

IACUC (correct)

IRB

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________.

the experiment

the scientific method (correct)

deductive reasoning

inductive reasoning

Which research method involves repeatedly studying the same group of participants over an extended period of time?

longitudinal Signup and view all the answers

The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable.

dependent Signup and view all the answers

Researchers are concerned that their own beliefs and the beliefs of study participants may skew the results of an experiment. Which of the following would eliminate this problem?

Conducting a double-blind study Signup and view all the answers

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________.

more than one gene Signup and view all the answers

Gyri and sulci are the and , respectively. They characterize the surface of the human brain.

folds; grooves Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area Signup and view all the answers

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

parasympathetic Signup and view all the answers

Theresa's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Theresa has blue eyes. Therefore, Theresa's must be , and her father's must be Bb.

genotype; bb Signup and view all the answers

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

genetics Signup and view all the answers

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic Signup and view all the answers

The of a neuron contain that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete?

androgens Signup and view all the answers

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?

adrenal Signup and view all the answers

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________.

temperature, touch, and pain Signup and view all the answers

In which lobe of the brain is the auditory cortex located?

temporal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals?

action potential Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?

hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a limbic system structure?

substantia nigra Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms refers to a state of equilibrium in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels?

homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of DNA.

chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the space between two neurons?

synapse Signup and view all the answers

Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 36.8% were likely to develop schizophrenia. Of adoptees whose mothers did not have schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 5.3% were likely to develop schizophrenia. What is the most appropriate conclusion of these results?

Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia. Signup and view all the answers

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________.

hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sits on the kidneys and secretes hormones when a person is in a state of stress?

adrenal gland Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall?

range of reaction Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves.

longitudinal fissure Signup and view all the answers

Diabetes is a(n) disorder because insulin is a .

endocrine; hormone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Increasing the heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a midbrain structure critical to movement?

the ventral tegmental area Signup and view all the answers

Both agonists and antagonists bind to ________.

receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the two major subdivisions of the nervous system?

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system Signup and view all the answers

The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________.

glial cell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation?

beta-endorphin Signup and view all the answers

Why is psychology considered a social science? (Select all that apply)

Behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others. Signup and view all the answers

Naghemeh wants to focus on the emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. Which area of psychology should she work in?

Counseling psychology Signup and view all the answers

When studying personality traits, someone who is helpful, trusting, and empathetic will score high on the ________ trait.

agreeableness Signup and view all the answers

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?

Cognitive development Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking?

Knowing your opinion is correct Signup and view all the answers

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principles of ________.

Gestalt psychology Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality?

Sigmund Freud Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

The process was highly subjective. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?

Favoring women over men Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Noam Chomsky?

An American linguist who influenced the cognitive revolution. Signup and view all the answers

When studying personality traits, someone who is quiet, reserved, and withdrawn will score low on the ________ trait.

extroversion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?

Scientific theory Signup and view all the answers

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.

study the function of behavior Signup and view all the answers

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.

conscientiousness Signup and view all the answers

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

humanism Signup and view all the answers

Critical thinking is ________.

Applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information. Signup and view all the answers

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by studying ________.

Overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes. Signup and view all the answers

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

Clinical psychology Signup and view all the answers

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences.

a person's unconscious mind Signup and view all the answers

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________.

perceivable and measurable Signup and view all the answers

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

Forensic Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter.

basic survival needs Signup and view all the answers

Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution?

A theory is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world. Signup and view all the answers

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.

introspection Signup and view all the answers

Behaviorists study ________.

learned behavior Signup and view all the answers

The empirical method of study is based on ________.

observation Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.

Thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions. Signup and view all the answers

A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment.

Skinner box Signup and view all the answers

What is Abraham Maslow best known for?

Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.

The operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?

Observation Signup and view all the answers

When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the ________ trait.

openness Signup and view all the answers

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.

personality Signup and view all the answers

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience. Signup and view all the answers

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

social psychology Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

Explaining the hypothesis to the participants. Signup and view all the answers

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age. Signup and view all the answers

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________.

experiment Signup and view all the answers

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct and .

Random sampling; random group assignment Signup and view all the answers

Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing pain threshold differences between men and women. They recruit male and female participants and assign them to different experimental conditions to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. However, their primary independent variable (gender) is a subject variable. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.

Quasi-experimental Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes a relationship between two or more variables?

Correlation Signup and view all the answers

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory Signup and view all the answers

________ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants.

Institutional Review Board Signup and view all the answers

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to pose as daters at speed dating events and take notes on the behaviors of other participants. Which type of research method did they use?

Naturalistic observation Signup and view all the answers

Joanna, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Ryan, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported. Signup and view all the answers

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the variable and word retention is the variable.

Independent; dependent Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following determines whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study?

Statistical analysis Signup and view all the answers

Research on subjects typically involves .

Human; obtaining informed consent Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an effective hypothesis?

It is complex. Signup and view all the answers

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the tendency to seek information that supports one's ideas or beliefs?

Confirmation bias Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure?

Validity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following involves assessing the consistency of observations by different observers?

Inter-rater reliability Signup and view all the answers

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.5 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result?

Reliability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?

Whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions. Signup and view all the answers

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.

circular Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Mattar wants to learn about the effects of brain injury to the occipital cortex, so she observes a few patients to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. Which type of research method is Dr. Mattar using?

Clinical study Signup and view all the answers

Peer reviewers ________.

Help ensure the quality of scientific findings Signup and view all the answers

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.

Designing, conducting, and reviewing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?

Using empirical studies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results?

Small sample size Signup and view all the answers

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

Double-blind Signup and view all the answers

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

Surveys Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychology examines behavior influenced by social interactions and biological factors.
Critically studies how groups interact and affect individual behavior.

Areas of Psychology

Wellness psychology focuses on emotional and health outcomes for psychologically healthy individuals.
Clinical psychology is concerned with diagnosing and treating psychological disorders.
Counseling psychology aids in personal development and resolving life issues.

Personality Traits

High scores in agreeableness indicate helpfulness, trust, and empathy.
Low scores in extroversion suggest characteristics like being quiet and reserved.

Psychological Theorists and Schools

Jean Piaget's work exemplifies developmental psychology.
Sigmund Freud contributed significantly to the understanding of personality through psychoanalytic theory.
Noam Chomsky is known for his influence in cognitive psychology, particularly regarding language.

Methodologies and Critical Thinking

Critical thinking encompasses recognizing biases, skepticism, and logical reasoning.
Structuralism has been criticized for its subjective nature in studying psychology.

Feminist Psychology

It questions male bias in science but does not favor women over men.

Research and Statistical Validity

A valid scientific theory is repeatedly supported by evidence over time.
Successful psychological research requires hypotheses to be testable and falsifiable.

Behaviorism

Prioritizes overt behavior over mental processes, making psychology more objective.

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Basic survival needs, like food and shelter, are foundational for higher-level needs.

Observational Research

Naturalistic observation involves studying behavior in its natural context.

Ethics in Research

Ethical considerations are crucial during the designing, conducting, and reviewing of scientific research.
Informed consent is vital, requiring participants to understand confidentiality, voluntariness, and the study's purpose.

Effect Measurement

The dependent variable in a study tracks the effects of an independent variable.
Quasi-experimental studies utilize existing subject variables, such as gender, without random assignment.

Psychological Disorders and Treatment

Forensic psychologists are consulted for jury selection and witness preparation.
Clinical psychologists diagnose and treat emotional and behavioral issues.

Research Design and Analysis

Random sampling and random group assignment enhance the generalizability of research findings.
Statistical analysis determines if observed differences between study groups are meaningful.

Brain Structure

Gyri and sulci describe the folds and grooves on the surface of the brain, critical for its structure.
Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe, is essential for speech production.

Polygenic Traits

Most traits are influenced by multiple genes rather than a single one, highlighting genetic complexity.

Research Methods

Longitudinal studies track the same participants over time, while double-blind studies prevent bias from both participants and researchers.### Genetics and Eye Color
Brown allele (B) is dominant over blue allele (b).
Theresa has blue eyes, indicating her genotype is likely bb.
Father's genotype must be Bb to contribute dominant brown allele to offspring.

Role of Genetics in Disease

Genetic differences can lead to varying outcomes in disease survival.

Nervous System

The sympathetic nervous system triggers 'fight or flight' responses, including pupil dilation and increased heart rate.
Autonomic nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions.

Neuron Structure

Terminal buttons of a neuron contain synaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitters.

Hormonal Secretions

Male gonads primarily secrete androgens.
The adrenal gland is activated during stress, increasing hormone production.

Brain Functionality

The somatosensory cortex processes sensory information such as temperature, touch, and pain.
Auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe.
Action potential refers to the electrical signal that travels along the axon.

Endocrine System

Hormones are produced by the endocrine system's glands.
Not all glands are endocrine; for instance, the hypothalamus is not classified as such.

Genetic and Environmental Interactions

Genetic predisposition and environmental factors together influence the likelihood of developing conditions like schizophrenia.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis maintains optimal biological conditions, such as body temperature.

Chromosomes

Human eggs and sperm contain 23 chromosomes, comprised of DNA.

Synaptic Connection

The synapse is the space between two neurons where communication occurs.

Reactions and Boundaries of Genes

The range of reaction principle suggests that genetics set developmental limits, while the environment shapes within those limits.

Brain Anatomy

The longitudinal fissure separates the brain into two hemispheres.

Diabetes Classification

Diabetes is classified as an endocrine disorder, as it involves hormone regulation (insulin).

Sympathetic Nervous System Functions

The sympathetic nervous system's activities include increasing heart rate and dilating bronchi.

Movement Control

The ventral tegmental area, located in the midbrain, is critical for movement regulation.

Receptor Interactions

Both agonists and antagonists bind to cell receptors.

Nervous System Divisions

The two major subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Myelin Sheath Composition

The myelin sheath is formed by glial cells, which facilitate faster electrical impulse conduction.

Neurotransmitters

Beta-endorphin functions as a neurotransmitter involved in pleasure and pain modulation.

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