Psychology Chapter 1 & 2 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary weakness of surveys in research?

  • They can be conducted quickly.
  • They may not provide detailed responses. (correct)
  • They cover a wide range of topics.
  • They are always inexpensive.

Which characteristic defines the validity of experimental research?

  • Employing random sampling methods.
  • Manipulating variables to observe outcomes. (correct)
  • Using observational techniques.
  • Analyzing existing data sets.

What type of research design can demonstrate the connection between two variables?

  • Qualitative study
  • Correlational study (correct)
  • Experiment
  • Case study

Which statement best describes a correlation coefficient?

<p>It explains the direction and strength of a relationship. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a tool for studying the brain?

<p>RTI (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?

<p>To receive signals from other neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is random assignment critical in experimental research?

<p>It ensures the reliability and validity of conclusions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the neuron is primarily responsible for carrying messages to its target?

<p>Axon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of someone with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)?

<p>Experiences unstable self-image and mood swings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is NOT one of the three key criteria for determining if behavior is 'abnormal'?

<p>Success in coping mechanisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the DSM-5?

<p>To diagnose mental disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does psychotherapy primarily differ from drug therapy in treating psychological disorders?

<p>It significantly lowers relapse rates and aims for long-term change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for regulating mood and sleep?

<p>Serotonin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of Applied Psychology is dedicated to assessing and treating mental disorders?

<p>Clinical psychology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the spinal cord in the nervous system?

<p>Transmit signals between the brain and body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain is essential for higher-order thinking skills?

<p>Prefrontal cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the nervous system controls voluntary movements?

<p>Somatic nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically leads to extinction in classical conditioning?

<p>The conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are broken (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of endorphins in the body?

<p>Act as natural painkillers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating hunger, thirst, and body temperature?

<p>Hypothalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' reactions?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective focuses on the unconscious and its impact on conscious behavior?

<p>Psychodynamic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of variable does a researcher measure to assess the effect of the independent variable?

<p>Dependent variable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research method is characterized by deep understanding of a single individual's situation?

<p>Case study (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of psychological research, what is an independent variable?

<p>The factor that is manipulated by the researcher (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the humanistic perspective in psychology?

<p>The inherent goodness of humans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of naturalistic observation as a research method?

<p>External variables cannot be controlled (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of group does not experience the manipulated variable in an experiment?

<p>Control group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes a hypothesis in psychological research?

<p>A tentative and testable prediction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of Kohlberg's Moral Reasoning do individuals primarily base their decisions on obedience and punishment?

<p>Pre-conventional stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a normal change in cognitive abilities observed in older adults?

<p>Mild changes that generally do not disrupt daily activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What important cognitive development occurs during Piaget's sensorimotor stage?

<p>Integration of logic with emotion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of Maslow's Humanistic theory of development?

<p>Achieving personal growth and potential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the traits characterized by the Five-Factor theory of personality?

<p>Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Projective Personality Tests assess an individual's personality?

<p>Through ambiguous images and storytelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality, which concept is not a component in personality development?

<p>Passive learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud's Psychodynamic Theory of Personality assert is the focus during the oral stage?

<p>Pleasure focused on the mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between generalization and discrimination in behavior response?

<p>Generalization involves responding to a wider range of stimuli, while discrimination involves responding to a specific stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do escape and avoidance behaviors relate to negative reinforcement?

<p>They occur when a behavior prevents or removes an aversive stimulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes primary reinforcers from secondary reinforcers?

<p>Primary reinforcers fulfill basic needs, while secondary reinforcers derive their value from association. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of observational learning?

<p>A child learning to tie their shoes by watching their parent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates procedural memory from episodic memory?

<p>Procedural memory is about actions and skills, while episodic memory refers to specific events and experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory differentiated?

<p>Sensory memory stores information for a brief moment, short-term memory retains it for several minutes, and long-term memory holds it for extended periods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does chunking involve in terms of memory processing?

<p>Grouping information into larger units to enhance memory retention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

<p>To describe cognitive growth in children during distinct stages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypothesis

A testable prediction about the relationship between two variables.

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated by the researcher in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured to see the effect of the independent variable.

Experimental Group

The group of participants that receives the manipulated variable (treatment).

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Control Group

The group of participants that does not receive the manipulated variable.

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Case Study

A research method that involves in-depth study of one or few individuals.

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Naturalistic Observation

A research method that involves studying subjects in their natural environment.

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Behavioral perspective

Focuses on observing and controlling behavior.

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Survey Strengths

Surveys collect large numbers of responses quickly and inexpensively, addressing a wide range of topics.

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Survey Weaknesses

Survey participants may not answer honestly or understand questions fully, detail is limited, and completion rates can be low.

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Experiment Strengths

Experiments manipulate variables to reveal cause-and-effect relationships, are repeatable, and controlled environments minimize external influences.

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Experiment Weaknesses

Experimental settings may not accurately reflect real-world situations.

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Correlation Study Strengths

Correlational studies show relationships between variables, using existing data they are easier and more cost effective in collecting data from natural observations.

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Correlation Study Weaknesses

Correlation studies cannot demonstrate cause-and-effect; they only show relationships. It's unclear which variable influences the other.

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Correlation Coefficient

A numerical value (usually 'r') representing the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

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Random Assignment Importance

Random assignment ensures that participants are equally likely to be in any group within an experiment which leads to validity and reliability.

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What are neurotransmitters?

Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons, enabling communication and coordination of functions throughout the body.

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Dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with mood, motivation, and reward.

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Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that plays a role in mood, sleep, and appetite.

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Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter involved in memory and muscle function.

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GABA

A neurotransmitter that inhibits brain activity, calming the nervous system.

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Endorphins

Natural painkillers produced by the brain.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The network of nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

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Autonomic Nervous System

A branch of the PNS that controls involuntary functions like heart rate, breathing, and digestion.

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Generalization

Broadening a response to similar stimuli, meaning reacting to things that are alike.

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Discrimination

Narrowing a response to a specific stimulus, meaning reacting to only one specific thing.

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Negative Reinforcement

Strengthening a behavior by removing or preventing an aversive stimulus.

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Primary Reinforcer

A reinforcer that satisfies a basic need like food, water, or sleep.

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Secondary Reinforcer

A reinforcer that gains value through association with a primary reinforcer, like money or praise.

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Observational Learning

Learning by observing and imitating others' behaviors.

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Procedural Memory

Memory of how to do things, like skills and actions.

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Episodic Memory

Memory of specific events and experiences, including details of time and place.

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OCPD

A personality disorder characterized by an excessive focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control. Individuals with OCPD may experience significant anxiety and distress when things are not done their way.

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BPD

A personality disorder marked by intense emotional instability, impulsive behaviors, and a fluctuating self-image. Individuals with BPD may experience rapid shifts in mood, relationship difficulties, and feelings of emptiness.

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What are the three key signs of 'abnormal' behavior?

Deviance refers to behavior that is different from societal norms. Distress involves the individual feeling upset or in pain due to their emotions. Dysfunction occurs when behavior disrupts daily life, work, or relationships.

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What is the DSM-5?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) is a handbook widely used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental disorders. It provides standardized criteria for identifying and classifying various mental conditions.

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Pre-Conventional Morality

Stage of moral development where right and wrong are based on personal consequences (punishment or reward). It is characterized by a focus on avoiding punishment and gaining rewards.

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Conventional Morality

Stage of moral development where right and wrong are based on societal rules and expectations. It emphasizes following rules, laws, and social norms.

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Post-Conventional Morality

Stage of moral development where right and wrong are based on personal ethical principles and universal moral values. It emphasizes justice, fairness, and individual rights.

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Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development (birth-2 years), where infants learn about the world through their senses and motor actions. Key achievements include object permanence and the development of basic motor skills.

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Maslow's Humanistic Theory

This theory emphasizes the importance of personal growth and the pursuit of self-actualization. It suggests that individuals have an innate drive to reach their full potential.

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Five-Factor Theory of Personality

This theory describes personality using five broad traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Each trait represents a spectrum from low to high.

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Projective Personality Test

A type of personality test that presents ambiguous stimuli (like inkblots or pictures) and asks individuals to interpret them. The responses reveal underlying thoughts, feelings, and motivations.

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Reciprocal Determinism

Key concept in Social-Cognitive Theory, suggesting that personality, behavior, and environment are constantly interacting and influencing each other.

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Study Notes

Psychological Theories (Chapter 1)

  • Behavioral perspective focuses on observable and controllable behavior.
  • Psychodynamic perspective focuses on unconscious processes influencing conscious behavior.
  • Biological perspective examines how biology affects behavior.
  • Cognitive perspective studies the relationship between thoughts and actions.
  • Humanistic perspective emphasizes inherent goodness and self-improvement.

Scientific Method Questions (Chapter 2)

  • Hypothesis: A testable prediction about the relationship between variables.
  • Independent Variable: The variable manipulated in an experiment (controlled).
  • Dependent Variable: The variable measured to determine the effect of the independent variable.
  • Experimental Group: The group that receives the independent variable.
  • Control Group: The group that does not receive the independent variable.
  • Case Study: In-depth understanding of one person, useful for rare conditions; time-consuming, researcher bias, limited generalizability.
  • Naturalistic Observation: Observing behavior in natural settings; avoids experimental bias, but time-consuming and not able to control external variables.
  • Survey: Quick data collection from large populations; inexpensive, but subject to honest answers and representativeness of sample.
  • Experiment: Manipulates variables to determine cause and effect; controlled settings, but may not reflect real-world situations.
  • Correlation Coefficient: A numerical representation of the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.
  • Random Assignment: Assigning participants to groups randomly to ensure groups are equivalent regarding potential confounding variables. This enhances results validity and reliability.

Biological and Behavioral (Chapter 3)

  • CT scan (CAT scan): Medical imaging combining multiple X-rays to create a cross-sectional image (of the brain).
  • PET scan: Medical imaging visualizing organ/tissue functioning using radioactive tracers.
  • MRI: Detailed soft tissue images without harmful radiation.
  • Neuron: Dendrites (receive signals), Soma (cell body), Axon (carries signals).
  • Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers enabling neuron communication (e.g., dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, GABA).
  • Nervous System Divisions: Understanding major divisions and subdivisions of the brain and functions.

Learning and Memory (Chapter 6)

  • Classical Conditioning: Learning by associating two stimuli that repeatedly occur together.
  • Extinction: Fading of a conditioned response due to consistent presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
  • Operant Conditioning: Learning through consequences (rewards and punishments) influencing behavior.
  • Stimulus Generalization: Responding to stimuli similar to the original stimulus.
  • Stimulus Discrimination: Responding only to the original stimulus and not similar stimuli.
  • Negative Reinforcement: Increasing a behavior by removing or avoiding an unpleasant stimulus.
  • Primary Reinforcers: Satisfy basic needs (e.g., food, water).
  • Secondary Reinforcers: Gain value through association with primary reinforcers (e.g., money).
  • Observational Learning: Learning by observing and imitating others' behaviors.

Human Development (Chapter 7)

  • Erikson's Psychosocial Theory: Stages of development across the lifespan, focusing on psychosocial crises.
  • Piaget's Cognitive Theory: Stages of cognitive development, emphasizing changes in thought processes.
  • Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory: Stages of moral reasoning, focusing on moral decision-making.
  • Cognitive Development: Understanding cognitive changes throughout the lifespan.

Personality (Chapter 8)

  • Maslow's Humanistic Theory: Focus on human growth and potential.
  • Five-Factor Model (FFM): Five personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism).
  • Projective Personality Tests: Assess personality through ambiguous stimuli (e.g., Rorschach inkblot test, Thematic Apperception Test).
  • Social-Cognitive Theory: Reciprocal determinism, observational learning, and self-efficacy affect personality development.
  • Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Focuses on unconscious drives and early childhood experiences influencing personality.

Abnormal Psychology (Chapters 15 & 16)

  • Anxiety Disorders: Symptoms and characteristics (e.g., post-traumatic stress, panic, social phobia).
  • Mood Disorders: Symptoms and characteristics (e.g., major depressive, bipolar).
  • Schizophrenia: Symptoms and characteristics (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking).
  • DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
  • Psychotherapy: Treatment approaches targeting mental health issues.
  • Drug Therapies: Medication interventions influencing brain chemistry for certain conditions.

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PSY 201 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

Description

Test your knowledge of psychological theories from Chapter 1, including perspectives such as behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic. Additionally, assess your understanding of scientific methods and key concepts from Chapter 2, such as variables and experimental design.

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