Psychology Brain Functions and Learning Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which brain region is responsible for the regulation of bodily functions such as temperature, rhythms, and blood pressure?

  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus (correct)

What is the primary role of the corpus callosum?

  • Controlling movement and balance
  • Connecting the two hemispheres of the brain (correct)
  • Forming new memories
  • Processing auditory information

Which of these techniques uses a powerful magnetic field to produce detailed images of the brain structure?

  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (correct)
  • Electroencephalography (EEG)

The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for:

<p>Visual processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to study the brain's electrical activity by placing electrodes on the scalp?

<p>Electroencephalography (EEG) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is involved in planning and production of movement?

<p>Basal ganglia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does lateralization refer to in the context of the brain?

<p>The specialization of functions in different brain regions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between habituation and dishabituation?

<p>Habituation involves a decrease in a response, while dishabituation involves an increase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major property of classical conditioning?

<p>Shaping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'extinction' refer to in classical conditioning?

<p>The gradual weakening of the conditioned response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?

<p>Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus, while negative reinforcement removes a stimulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'shaping' in operant conditioning?

<p>Gradually increasing the complexity of a behavior through reinforcement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of observational learning?

<p>Learning by observing and imitating others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement schedule involves reinforcement after a predictable number of responses?

<p>Fixed ratio (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main phenomenon explained by the 'partial-reinforcement extinction effect'?

<p>Behaviors learned through partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement schedule involves reinforcement after an unpredictable passage of time?

<p>Variable interval (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of punishment?

<p>It teaches individuals what to do instead of the undesirable behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the tendency to emphasize potential losses over potential gains in decision making?

<p>Framing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heuristic involves making decisions based on how typical an object or event is within a certain category?

<p>Representativeness heuristic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence test is specifically designed for children?

<p>Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the paradox of choice refer to?

<p>Conflict and indecision when faced with too many attractive options (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination accurately describes the genetic and environmental influences on intelligence?

<p>Identical twins have higher IQ correlations than fraternal twins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for conditioning to occur?

<p>There must be contiguity and contingency between CS and US (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what does the Law of Effect state?

<p>Behavior is strengthened if followed by a reward (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'shaping' in operant conditioning?

<p>Reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement schedule provides food after an average of 4 responses?

<p>Variable-Ratio (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of partial reinforcement compared to continuous reinforcement?

<p>Partial reinforcement results in greater extinction resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to learned helplessness in an organism?

<p>Lack of contingency with responses and reinforcers or punishments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of observational learning?

<p>Requires positive reinforcement to take place (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning?

<p>To predict the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus (US) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines habituation?

<p>Decreased response to a repeated stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is primarily responsible for our ability to ride a bicycle, even if we haven't done it in years?

<p>Procedural memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of memory distortion?

<p>Memory decay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You are trying to remember the name of a famous actor, but you just can't recall it. You remember that he was in a movie with a blue car, but you can't remember the movie's title. What type of memory failure is this an example of?

<p>Absentmindedness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best example of prospective memory?

<p>Remembering that you had a doctor's appointment next week (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of amnesia involves the inability to form new memories?

<p>Anterograde amnesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between normative and descriptive decision theories?

<p>Normative theories focus on how people should make decisions, while descriptive theories focus on how people actually make decisions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the concept of 'memory bias'?

<p>The tendency to remember events in a way that is consistent with our current beliefs or attitudes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a factor that influences the expected utility theory?

<p>The time constraint for making a decision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between analogical and symbolic mental representations?

<p>Analogical representations are similar to pictures, while symbolic representations evoke a concept or meaning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best example of a heuristic?

<p>Choosing the first option that seems satisfactory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A technique using strong magnets to disrupt normal brain activity temporarily.

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A method to measure electrical activity in the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A brain imaging technique that shows metabolic activity using a radioactive substance.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

An imaging technique that detects changes in blood oxygen levels to study brain activity.

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Cerebral cortex

The outer layer of brain tissue responsible for thoughts, perceptions, and complex behaviors.

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Hippocampus

A region in the brain crucial for the formation of memories.

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Lateralization

The specialized functions performed by each hemisphere of the brain.

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Conditioning

A learning process where responses are linked to stimuli.

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Contiguity

The principle that learning occurs when stimuli occur close in time.

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Contingency

The predictive relationship between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

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Operant Conditioning

Learning where behavior's consequences influence its repetition.

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Law of Effect

The principle stating behavior is influenced by its consequences.

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Reinforcers

Stimuli that increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

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Shaping

Gradually guiding behavior through successive approximations.

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Partial Reinforcement

Reinforcement schedule where not every response is rewarded.

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Learned Helplessness

A condition where an organism stops responding due to lack of control.

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Habituation

A decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.

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Dishabituation

An increase in a response due to a change in something familiar.

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Sensitization

An increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus.

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Classical Conditioning

Learning that a stimulus predicts another stimulus.

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Acquisition

Gradual formation of an association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.

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Extinction

Weakening of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

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Positive Reinforcement

Administration of a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior's recurrence.

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Negative Reinforcement

Removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior's recurrence.

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Fixed Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement given after a predictable number of responses.

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Episodic Memory

Memory of personal past experiences identified by time and place.

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Explicit Memory

Types of memory that can be consciously retrieved.

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Implicit Memory

Memory expressed through actions rather than conscious recall.

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Procedural Memory

A type of implicit memory involved in skills and habits.

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Prospective Memory

The ability to remember to perform an action in the future.

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Amnesia

A deficit in long-term memory affecting retrieval abilities.

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Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to retrieve past memories.

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Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories after an incident.

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Memory Bias

Changes in memories over time to fit current beliefs.

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Heuristics

Shortcuts used to ease decision-making processes.

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Heuristic Thinking

A type of thinking that allows for quick decisions, often unconsciously, but can lead to errors.

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Anchoring

The tendency to rely heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making judgments.

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Framing

The tendency to influence decision-making based on how information is presented, especially in terms of potential losses or gains.

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Availability Heuristic

Making decisions based on the information that comes most readily to mind.

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Paradox of Choice

The phenomenon where having too many attractive options leads to confusion and indecision.

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Study Notes

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