Psychology: Attention and Perception

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Questions and Answers

Which theory focuses on the role of consequences in shaping behavior?

Classical conditioning

Gestalt theory

Cognitive development theory

Instrumental learning (correct)

What is the primary focus of the signal detection theory?

Cognitive biases in decision making

Measuring memory retrieval success

Identifying the presence of stimuli amidst noise (correct)

Understanding classical conditioning processes

Which type of memory is responsible for retaining information for brief periods, such as seconds?

Long-term memory

Working memory

Short-term memory (correct)

Sensory memory

What phenomenon occurs when a person is unable to retrieve a memory due to interference from other memories?

Retrieval failure Signup and view all the answers

Which model highlights the stages of cognitive processing involved in problem solving?

Information processing model Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective emphasizes the understanding of thought as involving associations between stimuli?

Associationism perspective Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist is associated with the notion of multiple intelligences?

Gardner Signup and view all the answers

What defines the role of motivation in perception?

It influences how stimuli are interpreted and what is noticed. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the enduring facilitation of synaptic transmission after high intensity and frequency stimulation of pre-synaptic neurons?

Long-term potentiation Signup and view all the answers

In Buddhism, accepting the world as it is relates to which concept?

Right thought in the eight-fold path Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding cyberbullying?

It often involves a disinhibition effect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is vital to learning and school success?

Self-image Signup and view all the answers

What role do bystanders play in the context of cyberbullying?

They have a lesser role Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of learning environments is essential for ensuring school success?

Strong self-image Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a condition focusing on clinical attention?

Effective communication Signup and view all the answers

What can contribute to a student's dissatisfaction in learning?

Lack of academic challenges Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered projective tests of personality?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly arranges the following correlations in ascending order of strength? 1. −0.75, 2. −0.30, 3. 0.40, 4. 0.68.

2, 1, 3, 4 Signup and view all the answers

Which disorders are included in the DSM-5 category of paraphilic disorders?

Voyeuristic and exhibitionistic disorders Signup and view all the answers

What strength value correlates most positively in the following list: 1. −0.75, 2. −0.30, 3. 0.40, 4. 0.68?

0.68 Signup and view all the answers

Which combination correctly identifies the tests that belong to projective methodologies?

1, 2 and 4 Signup and view all the answers

In which category of disorders do voyeuristic and exhibitionistic disorders fall?

Paraphilic disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of the correlation that indicates the weakest relationship?

−0.75 Signup and view all the answers

Which correlation has a negative value in the list: 1. −0.75, 2. −0.30, 3. 0.40, 4. 0.68?

1 and 2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the study of Neurons in psychology?

Communication within the nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Knowledge Paradigm' refer to?

Frameworks through which knowledge is understood and developed Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the Glandular System in psychology?

Endocrine glands Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological paradigm focuses on the biological basis of emotion?

Physiological Psychology Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern of Research Ethics in psychology?

Ensuring the well-being and rights of participants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'Sampling' in research methodology?

Selecting a subset from a larger population for study Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Sensory System in psychology?

Processing environmental stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What does the biological basis of motivation encompass?

The neural and hormonal factors driving behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage in the relationship maintenance sequence according to Thibaut and Kelly's Social Exchange Theory?

Bargaining Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly represents the last stage in Thibaut and Kelly's relationship maintenance sequence?

Institutionalisation Signup and view all the answers

What psychological defense mechanism is exemplified when a woman has a temper tantrum after being denied a promotion?

Regression Signup and view all the answers

According to Thibaut and Kelly, which stage follows 'Bargaining' in the relationship maintenance sequence?

Sampling Signup and view all the answers

What does the ethological approach to motivation mainly explain?

Evolutionary history of behaviour Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the social exchange theory, what stage is typically associated with establishing a sense of connection?

Commitment Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves justifying an unacceptable behavior with a logical reason?

Rationalisation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the social exchange theory in understanding relationships?

The rewards and costs associated with interactions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Attention and Perception

Attention can be classified into various forms, each with different models explaining how individuals focus on stimuli.
Perceptual approaches include Gestalt psychology, emphasizing holistic processes, and physiological methods that study underlying biological mechanisms.
Gestalt principles include concepts like Figure-Ground segregation and Laws of Organisation such as similarity and proximity.
Perceptual Constancy maintains an object's perceived properties (size, shape, color) despite changes in sensory input.
Illusions demonstrate discrepancies between perceptions and reality, affecting form, depth, and movement perception.
Motivation and learning significantly impact perception through experiences and expectations.
Signal Detection Theory explains how stimuli are detected amid noise, with various applications in psychology.
Subliminal perception refers to stimuli processed below conscious awareness, influenced by cultural factors and individual perceptual styles.
Pattern recognition is essential in the ecological perspective of perception, focusing on real-world interactions.

Learning Processes

Key theories of learning include Thorndike's connectionism, Guthrie's contiguity theory, and Hull’s drive reduction theory.
Classical conditioning involves learning through association, emphasizing stimulus-response relationships.
Instrumental learning highlights the role of consequences in shaping behavior via reinforcement schedules.
Cognitive approaches to learning involve latent learning, observational learning, and verbal learning.
Discrimination learning allows individuals to distinguish between similar stimuli.
Recent research explores the neurophysiology underlying learning processes.

Memory and Forgetting

Memory processes consist of three main stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Types of memory include sensory memory, working memory (short-term), and long-term memory, which is divided into declarative (episodic and semantic) and procedural memory.
Theories on forgetting encompass interference, retrieval failure, decay, and motivated forgetting.

Thinking, Intelligence, and Creativity

Thought processes are analyzed through various theoretical perspectives, including Associationism, Gestalt, and Information Processing.
Concept formation is essential for reasoning and involves rules, types, and strategies.
Types of reasoning include deductive and inductive reasoning, both pivotal in problem-solving.
Decision-making can be complex, relying on various models and strategies.
Metacognition encompasses awareness and regulation of one's learning processes.
Intelligence definitions and theories vary among key figures: Spearman, Thurstone, Jensen, Cattell, Gardner, Sternberg, and Goleman.
Creativity theories have been explored by Torrance, Getzels, Jackson, Guilford, and Wallach.

Personality, Motivation, Emotion, Stress, and Coping

Personality is shaped by biological and socio-cultural factors, with approaches ranging from psychoanalytical to trait and humanistic theories.
Various psychological schools, including the emergence of Western psychology and Indian influences, offer different insights into personality.
Understanding motivation involves examining emotions and biological factors that drive behavior.
Coping mechanisms can be adaptive or maladaptive, influencing stress management.

Biological Basis of Behavior

The nervous system consists of neurons and is essential in processing sensory information.
The interaction between the muscular and glandular systems affects emotions and behaviors.
Understanding the biological underpinnings of behavior, including genetics, is vital in psychology.

Research Methodology and Statistics

Research entails defining variables, operational definitions, and ethical considerations, essential for valid findings.
Different research paradigms and methods provide various insights into psychological phenomena.

Additional Concepts

The social exchange theory by Thibaut and Kelly outlines the stages of relationship maintenance: bargaining, commitment, sampling, and institutionalization.
Various psychological assessments and constructs emerge from both traditional and contemporary contexts, informing personality and behavioral studies.
Cyberbullying highlights the role of disinhibition, bystander influence, and consequences of online behavior, showcasing the need for ethical considerations in digital interactions.

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Description

Explore the intricacies of attention, perception, learning, memory, and forgetting in this engaging quiz. Delve into various models of attention, Gestalt approaches, perceptual organization, and the impact of motivation on perception. Test your knowledge of key theories and concepts that shape our understanding of these vital psychological processes.