Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the Biological Approach in psychology?
What is the primary focus of the Biological Approach in psychology?
- Behavior modification techniques
- Social interactions and their influence on behavior
- Biological structures and phenomena (correct)
- Cognitive processes and perception
Which of the following best describes the role of psychological tools in research?
Which of the following best describes the role of psychological tools in research?
- They eliminate the need for theoretical frameworks.
- They are only used for qualitative research.
- They prevent subjective interpretation of data.
- They provide a systematic method for data collection. (correct)
What distinguishes the interpretation of psychological phenomena by psychologists from that of novices?
What distinguishes the interpretation of psychological phenomena by psychologists from that of novices?
- Psychologists apply scientific methods with a theoretical base. (correct)
- Psychologists rely on personal experiences.
- Novices focus exclusively on biological factors.
- Novices use advanced technological tools.
Which of the following is NOT a key objective of studying psychology according to the provided content?
Which of the following is NOT a key objective of studying psychology according to the provided content?
Which aspect is emphasized in understanding human behaviour according to the content?
Which aspect is emphasized in understanding human behaviour according to the content?
What is a primary limitation of using case studies in psychology?
What is a primary limitation of using case studies in psychology?
Which of the following best describes survey research?
Which of the following best describes survey research?
What is an example of how surveys are commonly used in the media?
What is an example of how surveys are commonly used in the media?
What is one way researchers can collect data for a survey?
What is one way researchers can collect data for a survey?
Why is caution advised while interpreting the responses of case study participants?
Why is caution advised while interpreting the responses of case study participants?
In what context is the survey method particularly useful for psychological study?
In what context is the survey method particularly useful for psychological study?
What is the key characteristic of observation as a method of enquiry?
What is the key characteristic of observation as a method of enquiry?
Which of the following aspects does case study methodology focus on?
Which of the following aspects does case study methodology focus on?
What is one major reason for using surveys in psychology?
What is one major reason for using surveys in psychology?
Which of the following best describes naturalistic observation?
Which of the following best describes naturalistic observation?
What distinguishes participant observation from non-participant observation?
What distinguishes participant observation from non-participant observation?
What is one of the significant advantages of using observation as a research method?
What is one of the significant advantages of using observation as a research method?
Why might observational research be considered biased?
Why might observational research be considered biased?
What type of observation would be used to study the effect of induced stress on task performance?
What type of observation would be used to study the effect of induced stress on task performance?
Which of the following figures is associated with informal observations in developmental psychology?
Which of the following figures is associated with informal observations in developmental psychology?
What is one disadvantage of the observational method?
What is one disadvantage of the observational method?
What term is used to describe variables that the experimenter cannot control but must account for during an experiment?
What term is used to describe variables that the experimenter cannot control but must account for during an experiment?
Which type of relevant variable pertains to the physical environment during an experiment?
Which type of relevant variable pertains to the physical environment during an experiment?
Which technique involves removing extraneous variables from the experimental setting?
Which technique involves removing extraneous variables from the experimental setting?
What is the primary focus of organismic variables in an experiment?
What is the primary focus of organismic variables in an experiment?
What does the technique of counter balancing seek to minimize?
What does the technique of counter balancing seek to minimize?
Which of the following describes sequential variables?
Which of the following describes sequential variables?
What technique holds relevant variables constant across all experimental conditions?
What technique holds relevant variables constant across all experimental conditions?
Which of the following is NOT a method to control relevant variables in an experiment?
Which of the following is NOT a method to control relevant variables in an experiment?
Which characteristic of the scientific method ensures that findings can be verified by others?
Which characteristic of the scientific method ensures that findings can be verified by others?
What is the primary focus of a case study in psychology?
What is the primary focus of a case study in psychology?
In observational methods, what differentiates participant observation from non-participant observation?
In observational methods, what differentiates participant observation from non-participant observation?
Which method involves manipulating one variable to observe its effect on another variable?
Which method involves manipulating one variable to observe its effect on another variable?
What type of questions are typically found in a closed-ended questionnaire?
What type of questions are typically found in a closed-ended questionnaire?
What distinguishes a structured interview from an unstructured interview?
What distinguishes a structured interview from an unstructured interview?
Which approach would focus primarily on biological explanations for human behavior?
Which approach would focus primarily on biological explanations for human behavior?
What ensures that findings from psychological tests are deemed reliable?
What ensures that findings from psychological tests are deemed reliable?
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Study Notes
Approaches to Studying Psychological Processes
- Psychologists use various approaches to understand, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.
- The biological approach focuses on biological structures and phenomena (e.g., brain, genes, hormones, endocrine system, neurotransmitters) to understand behavior dynamics.
- Observation methods involve systematically recording events without interfering with the variables under study.
Observational Method and its Types
- Famous observations in developmental psychology were made by Jean Piaget on his children during their infancy.
- Observational method can be conducted in natural or laboratory settings.
- Naturalistic observation studies events in their natural environment without control over extraneous variables.
- Laboratory observation allows for controlled manipulation of the event under study.
- Observation can be participant (observer mixes with the event) or non-participant (observer maintains distance).
Experimental Method: Controlling Variables
- The experimental method studies the effect of one variable (independent variable) on another (dependent variable) by manipulating the independent variable and controlling extraneous variables.
- Relevant variables are variables beyond the experimenter's control that might confound the experiment.
- Organismic variables are related to participants' personal characteristics (e.g., age, sex, personality).
- Situational variables relate to the physical environment of the experiment (e.g., temperature, humidity, noise).
- Sequential variables relate to the order of conditions in the experiment, which may influence participant proficiency or fatigue.
Controlling Relevant Variables: Techniques
- Elimination: Removing extraneous variables from the experimental setting.
- Making Conditions Constant: Keeping extraneous variables unchanging across the experiment.
- Matching: Equivalently controlling relevant variables across all experimental conditions.
- Counterbalancing: Minimizing the effect of order or sequence by dividing participants into groups and alternating the order of tasks presented to them.
Case Study and Survey Methods
- Case study provides detailed information about an individual's life experiences, emotional problems, and adjustments.
- Surveys collect data from a population to gather opinions, attitudes, beliefs, and values, often to test hypotheses about relationships between variables.
- Survey methods use various tools like questionnaires, interviews, and SMS to gather information.
Psychological Tools for Understanding Behavior
- Psychological tests: Used to measure various aspects of human behavior and psychological processes.
- Reliability: The consistency of a test, yielding similar results when administered repeatedly.
- Validity: Whether a test measures what it is designed to measure.
- Projective tests: Tests where participants interpret ambiguous stimuli, revealing underlying thoughts and feelings.
- Questionnaires: Sets of questions presented to respondents, categorized as open-ended (allow for free-form answers) or closed-ended (provide predefined options).
- Interviews: Face-to-face interactions to gather information on a specific topic.
- Structured interviews: Use predetermined questions asked in a specific order.
- Unstructured interviews: Allow for flexibility in questions and order, adapting to the interviewee's responses.
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