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Questions and Answers
Which biological factor is directly linked to the development of schizophrenia?
Which biological factor is directly linked to the development of schizophrenia?
What type of psychological problem can lead to mental disorders according to the psychological model?
What type of psychological problem can lead to mental disorders according to the psychological model?
In the socio-cultural model, which factor is emphasized as essential for normal functioning?
In the socio-cultural model, which factor is emphasized as essential for normal functioning?
Which statement correctly describes the diathesis stress model?
Which statement correctly describes the diathesis stress model?
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What is a common symptom associated with autism in children?
What is a common symptom associated with autism in children?
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How is autism typically identified in children?
How is autism typically identified in children?
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Which psychological factor is associated with the potential for developing mental disorders?
Which psychological factor is associated with the potential for developing mental disorders?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a biological factor influencing mental disorders?
Which of the following is NOT considered a biological factor influencing mental disorders?
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What term is used to describe the difficulty in understanding others' feelings associated with autism?
What term is used to describe the difficulty in understanding others' feelings associated with autism?
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Which behavior is associated with echolia in children with autism?
Which behavior is associated with echolia in children with autism?
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What psychological condition manifests as physical symptoms without any medical cause?
What psychological condition manifests as physical symptoms without any medical cause?
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What distinguishes conversion disorder from other somatoform disorders?
What distinguishes conversion disorder from other somatoform disorders?
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Which symptom is commonly seen in individuals with somatization disorder?
Which symptom is commonly seen in individuals with somatization disorder?
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Children with autism often show a strong inclination towards which behavior?
Children with autism often show a strong inclination towards which behavior?
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Which disorder is exemplified by physical pain affecting daily functioning due to psychological reasons?
Which disorder is exemplified by physical pain affecting daily functioning due to psychological reasons?
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What common symptom might individuals with somatoform disorders experience?
What common symptom might individuals with somatoform disorders experience?
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What is the defining characteristic of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?
What is the defining characteristic of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?
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What term describes the main personality in Dissociative Identity Disorder?
What term describes the main personality in Dissociative Identity Disorder?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of depression?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of depression?
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What distinguishes Seasonal Affective Disorder from other types of depression?
What distinguishes Seasonal Affective Disorder from other types of depression?
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Which psychological condition involves a feeling of detachment from body and mental processes?
Which psychological condition involves a feeling of detachment from body and mental processes?
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What is a common trigger for Post-partum Depression?
What is a common trigger for Post-partum Depression?
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Which aspect is characteristic of mania?
Which aspect is characteristic of mania?
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What describes the alters in Dissociative Identity Disorder?
What describes the alters in Dissociative Identity Disorder?
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What are the positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia?
What are the positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia?
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What characterizes a manic episode in bipolar mood disorder?
What characterizes a manic episode in bipolar mood disorder?
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Which of the following best describes hallucinations?
Which of the following best describes hallucinations?
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In schizophrenia, which type of symptom reflects a lack of normal emotional expression?
In schizophrenia, which type of symptom reflects a lack of normal emotional expression?
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Bipolar mood disorder involves significant shifts in which areas?
Bipolar mood disorder involves significant shifts in which areas?
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Which of the following describes hypochondriasis?
Which of the following describes hypochondriasis?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of hallucination?
Which of the following is NOT a type of hallucination?
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What is one characteristic of dissociative amnesia?
What is one characteristic of dissociative amnesia?
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Delusions are described as:
Delusions are described as:
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The term 'schizophrenia' is derived from which two Greek words?
The term 'schizophrenia' is derived from which two Greek words?
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What is the main difference between localized and selective amnesia?
What is the main difference between localized and selective amnesia?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of dissociative amnesia?
Which of the following is NOT a type of dissociative amnesia?
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What does the term 'fugue' refer to in dissociative disorders?
What does the term 'fugue' refer to in dissociative disorders?
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How do most individuals with dissociation typically return to normalcy?
How do most individuals with dissociation typically return to normalcy?
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Which of the following symptoms aligns with hypochondriasis?
Which of the following symptoms aligns with hypochondriasis?
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Which type of memory is typically intact in dissociative amnesia?
Which type of memory is typically intact in dissociative amnesia?
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Study Notes
Factors Influencing Abnormality
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Biological Model: Brain dysfunction, gene mutations, hormonal imbalances, malnutrition, neurotransmitter dysfunctions, and injuries can contribute to mental disorders.
- For example, an increase in dopamine levels can cause schizophrenia.
- Gene mutations can lead to mental retardation.
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Psychological Model: Interpersonal problems, learning difficulties, negative belief systems, faulty thinking patterns, low self-worth, and lack of self-esteem can contribute to mental disorders.
- Examples of significant psychological factors contributing to mental disorders include: conflicts, negative experiences, stress, pressure, frustration, childhood trauma, and failure to reach one's full potential.
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Socio-Cultural Model: Social factors like family structure, relationships, social networks, and societal roles are crucial for healthy mental functioning.
- Problems like broken families, societal expectations, social conflicts, and relationship problems can lead to mental health challenges.
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Diathesis Stress Model: Inherited traits and behaviors, passed down through genes, can be activated and expressed under stressful conditions, leading to the development of a disorder.
- A person with a genetic predisposition for blood-injury-injection phobia might develop this phobia when exposed to a stressful event, like a dissection in class.
Autism
- A pervasive developmental disorder affecting children where developmental delays are present.
- Characterized by a broad range of challenges: - Deficits in language - Perceptual abilities - Motor development - Social deficits
- Diagnosis typically occurs before the child is 30 months old.
- Key Symptoms:
- Social Deficit: Difficulty maintaining eye contact, interacting with others, and understanding others' feelings - known as "mind blindness."
- Absence of Speech: Severe speech deficits, often showing parrot-like speech ("echolalia") - imitating the speech of others.
- Self-stimulation: Repetitive movements like head-banging, spinning, and rocking. Aversion to auditory stimuli, crying at sounds.
- Intellectual Ability: Deficits in memory, reasoning, and problem-solving. However, individuals with autism can excel in specific areas like mathematics, art, and music.
- Maintain Sameness: Strong attachment to certain objects.
Somatoform Disorders
- Psychological problems that manifest as physical symptoms without any medical cause.
- Individuals commonly complain of headaches, migraines, gastric issues, stomach aches, numbness in limbs, paralysis, etc, but medical tests (X-rays, scans, blood tests) reveal no physical cause.
- Types:
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Pain Disorder: Severe pain experienced in one or more body areas, often caused by psychological factors.
- Example: a child complaining of stomach aches to avoid school, perhaps due to fear of the teacher or abuse. The pain is real and disruptive to daily activities.
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Conversion Disorder: Affects sensory or motor functions. The individual can perform most functions except for the affected part of the body. Symptoms often emerge after emotional trauma or stress.
- Example: "Writer's cramp" - the person can use their hand for most tasks but cannot write.
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Somatization Disorder: Chronic condition characterized by physical symptoms in multiple body regions for which no physical cause can be found.
- Example: A person might complain of severe digestive and reproductive system problems, significantly impacting their daily functioning.
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Hypochondriasis: Preoccupation with the belief that one has a serious medical disease, despite lacking medical evidence.
- The individual constantly checks their heartbeat, bowel movements, blood pressure, etc. and interprets common physical sensations (chest pain) as serious diseases (heart attacks).
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Pain Disorder: Severe pain experienced in one or more body areas, often caused by psychological factors.
Dissociative Disorders
- Disorders characterized by a mental process of disconnection from one's thoughts, feelings, memories, or sense of identity.
- Often triggered by traumatic events, leading to a feeling of detachment from reality.
- Types
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Dissociative Amnesia: Selective memory loss that is extensive (affects a large part of the individual's memory).
- Impacts episodic memory (personal events and facts), but procedural memory (language, skills, etc.) remains intact.
- Not caused by accidents or brain injuries, but often arises from stressful incidents like abuse, suicide attempts, etc.
- Types:
- Localized amnesia: No memory of the traumatic event.
- Selective amnesia: Patchy or incomplete memory of the event.
- Generalized amnesia: Difficulty remembering details of one's entire life.
- Systematized amnesia: Specific type of memory loss, not necessarily related to the incident.
- Dissociative Fugue: Amnesia characterized by wandering to a new location and assuming a new identity. Individuals later regain memory of their original life but forget the time spent wandering.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Previously known as multiple personality disorder. Involves the presence of two or more distinct identities within a single person.
- These identities alternate, with one acting as the "host personality" (the person's original identity) and others functioning as "alter personalities."
- Alter personalities can differ in gender, age, knowledge, language, handedness, and handwriting.
- People with DID often experience amnesia for personal information.
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Depersonalization Disorder: Feeling detached from one's own body and mental processes.
- Disruption of memory, consciousness, awareness, identity, and perception.
- Individuals may feel as if they are observing their own bodies from an outside perspective.
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Dissociative Amnesia: Selective memory loss that is extensive (affects a large part of the individual's memory).
Mood Disorders
- Disturbances in emotional states characterized by intense, persistent, and maladaptive behaviors.
- Common Types:
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Depression: The most common mood disorder, characterized by extreme sadness and dejection.
- Negative emotions include: low self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, irritability, unhappiness, loneliness, etc.
- Physical symptoms include: poor appetite, insomnia, lack of interest, suicidal thoughts, etc.
- Types:
- Post-Partum Depression: Depression experienced in the postpartum period, triggered by hormonal and physical changes associated with childbirth.
- Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): Onset of depression during the winter months due to reduced sunlight.
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Mania: Intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria.
- Characterized by: extreme happiness, excitement, energy, talkativeness, and distractibility.
- Symptoms include: reduced need for sleep, psychomotor agitation (increased restlessness and physical activity), and potentially violence if others do not cooperate.
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Bipolar Mood Disorder: Also known as manic depression, characterized by dramatic shifts in mood, energy, thinking, and behavior.
- Cycles alternate between the highs of mania and the lows of depression.
- Mood changes are intense and disruptive to functioning.
- Example: During a manic episode, an individual may impulsively quit their job, spend recklessly, and feel rested after only two hours of sleep. But during a depressive episode, they might be too fatigued to get out of bed, feel guilty for their actions, and experience overwhelming exhaustion.
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Depression: The most common mood disorder, characterized by extreme sadness and dejection.
Schizophrenia
- A group of disorders causing severe distortions in social, cognitive, and behavioral areas.
- Symptoms:
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Positive Symptoms: Present exceeding normal behavior:
- Hallucinations: False perceptions. Unreal mental images are perceived as real.
- Types:
- Visual: Seeing someone or something when no one is present.
- Auditory: Hearing voices.
- Tactile: Feeling someone touching them.
- Olfactory: Smelling dead bodies, rotten fish, etc.
- Gustatory: Tasting bitterness or something unpleasant without eating.
- Types:
- Delusions: Erroneous (false) beliefs.
- Examples:
- Belief that their thoughts, feelings, and actions are controlled by external agents.
- Suspicion that someone is following them.
- Belief that their partner is trying to kill them.
- Examples:
- Hallucinations: False perceptions. Unreal mental images are perceived as real.
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Negative Symptoms: Absence of normally present behaviors:
- Flat or blunt emotional expression: Showing limited or no emotions like anger, sadness, joy, etc.
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Positive Symptoms: Present exceeding normal behavior:
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Description
This quiz explores the various models that influence mental disorders, including the biological, psychological, and socio-cultural perspectives. It provides insight into how brain dysfunction, interpersonal problems, and social factors contribute to abnormalities in mental health. Test your understanding of these critical elements in influencing abnormal psychology.
