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Freud
Freud
Founder of psychoanalysis; focused on unconscious mind and childhood experiences.
Watson
Watson
Founder of behaviorism; believed psychology should study observable behavior.
Skinner
Skinner
Developed operant conditioning; behavior shaped by rewards and punishments.
Pavlov
Pavlov
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Maslow
Maslow
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Rogers
Rogers
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Theory
Theory
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Hypothesis
Hypothesis
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Correlation Coefficient
Correlation Coefficient
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Experiment
Experiment
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Observational Study
Observational Study
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Archival Research
Archival Research
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Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Frontal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
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Occipital Lobe
Occipital Lobe
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Cones
Cones
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Variable Ratio Schedule
Variable Ratio Schedule
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Semantic Memory
Semantic Memory
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Study Notes
- Psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious mind, childhood experiences, and dreams, and was founded by Freud.
- Behaviorism focuses on solely observable behavior, and was founded by Watson.
- Operant conditioning involves shaping behavior through rewards and punishments, and was developed by Skinner.
- Classical conditioning involves learning through associations, exemplified by Pavlov's experiments.
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs culminates in self-actualization.
- Rogers' humanism emphasizes self-concept and unconditional positive regard.
- Ways of knowing include authority, intuition, logic, and empiricism.
- A theory is a broad explanation, while a hypothesis is a testable prediction.
- Correlation coefficients range from -1 to +1, with values closer to 1 indicating a stronger relationship.
- A case study involves in-depth analysis of a single individual.
- Experiments are designed to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
- Observational studies involve watching behavior without interference.
- Surveys collect self-reported information from participants.
- Archival research utilizes existing records or data.
- Developmental designs study how people change over time.
- Neuron dendrites receive signals.
- The neuron soma is the cell body and keeps the neuron healthy.
- The neuron axon sends signals.
- The myelin sheath speeds up neural signals.
- The synapse is the gap where neurotransmitters pass between neurons.
- The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system includes nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.
- The sympathetic nervous system triggers the fight-or-flight response.
- The parasympathetic nervous system promotes the rest-and-digest response.
- The frontal lobe is responsible for thinking, planning, and decision-making.
- The parietal lobe handles touch and spatial awareness.
- The occipital lobe processes vision.
- The temporal lobe deals with hearing and language.
- The pituitary gland, known as the master gland, controls hormones.
- The pineal gland produces melatonin for sleep regulation.
- Stimulants increase nervous system activity; examples include caffeine.
- Depressants slow down the nervous system; examples include alcohol.
- GABA is a calming neurotransmitter.
- Serotonin regulates mood.
- Melatonin regulates sleep.
- Dopamine is associated with reward and pleasure.
- Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is involved in the fight-or-flight response.
- Consciousness is the awareness of self and environment.
- Beta waves are present when awake and alert.
- Alpha waves occur during relaxed wakefulness.
- Theta waves appear in light sleep.
- Delta waves are characteristic of deep sleep.
- Sensation is the detection of stimuli from the environment.
- Perception is the interpretation of sensory information.
- Depth perception is the ability to judge distance.
- Cones detect color.
- Rods detect light and dark, functioning well in low light conditions.
- Adaptation is becoming less sensitive to constant stimuli.
- Observational learning involves learning by watching others; Bandura is associated with this.
- Classical conditioning involves learning through associations; Pavlov is associated with this.
- Operant conditioning involves learning through rewards and punishments; Skinner is associated with this.
- A fixed ratio schedule provides a reward after a set number of actions.
- A variable ratio schedule provides a reward after an unpredictable number of actions.
- A fixed interval schedule provides a reward after a set time period.
- A variable interval schedule provides a reward after unpredictable time periods.
- Positive reinforcement involves adding something good to increase behavior.
- Negative reinforcement involves removing something bad to increase behavior.
- Punishment involves adding something bad or removing something good to decrease behavior.
- Semantic memory stores facts and knowledge.
- Episodic memory stores personal events and experiences.
- Encoding is the process of getting information into memory.
- Storage is the process of keeping information over time.
- Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory.
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