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Questions and Answers
A student who attributes their success in a class to their intelligence but blames a poor grade on the teacher's biased grading is demonstrating which psychological bias?
A student who attributes their success in a class to their intelligence but blames a poor grade on the teacher's biased grading is demonstrating which psychological bias?
- Self-serving bias (correct)
- Confirmation bias
- Fundamental attribution error
- Actor-observer bias
According to cognitive dissonance theory, which scenario would most likely result in a change in attitude?
According to cognitive dissonance theory, which scenario would most likely result in a change in attitude?
- Maintaining consistent actions and beliefs without experiencing any conflict.
- Being forced to publicly advocate for something you privately disagree with, with no justification. (correct)
- Receiving a large sum of money for writing an essay supporting a view you oppose.
- Openly supporting a company that is known to pollute the environment, aligning with personal values.
Which of the following correctly pairs a Big Five personality trait with a behavioral tendency?
Which of the following correctly pairs a Big Five personality trait with a behavioral tendency?
- High conscientiousness: Often late and disorganized.
- High neuroticism: Prefers routine and avoids unexpected events.
- High agreeableness: Tends to be critical and challenge others' opinions.
- High extraversion: Seeks social interaction and enjoys being around people. (correct)
A man explains his own angry outburst as a result of job-related stress but attributes a co-worker's similar outburst to the co-worker's irritable personality. This is an example of:
A man explains his own angry outburst as a result of job-related stress but attributes a co-worker's similar outburst to the co-worker's irritable personality. This is an example of:
According to Drive Reduction Theory, what is the role of a 'drive'?
According to Drive Reduction Theory, what is the role of a 'drive'?
To prevent groupthink within a decision-making team, a manager should:
To prevent groupthink within a decision-making team, a manager should:
Which of the following behaviors is the BEST example of altruism?
Which of the following behaviors is the BEST example of altruism?
After being reprimanded at work, a man comes home and yells at his housemate. This behavior is MOST clearly an example of which defense mechanism?
After being reprimanded at work, a man comes home and yells at his housemate. This behavior is MOST clearly an example of which defense mechanism?
According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, which of the following situations would MOST likely lead to optimal performance on a moderately difficult task?
According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, which of the following situations would MOST likely lead to optimal performance on a moderately difficult task?
Which of the following strategies would be MOST effective in reducing conformity in a situation similar to Asch's line judgment experiment?
Which of the following strategies would be MOST effective in reducing conformity in a situation similar to Asch's line judgment experiment?
You decide to eat at a particular food truck because a large group of people are already lined up, assuming they know something you don't, and the food must be good. This is an example of:
You decide to eat at a particular food truck because a large group of people are already lined up, assuming they know something you don't, and the food must be good. This is an example of:
A song that initially annoyed you becomes more enjoyable after hearing it frequently on the radio. Which psychological phenomenon BEST explains this change in your attitude?
A song that initially annoyed you becomes more enjoyable after hearing it frequently on the radio. Which psychological phenomenon BEST explains this change in your attitude?
Attribution theory is MOST concerned with:
Attribution theory is MOST concerned with:
After successfully repairing your own car, you feel confident in your ability to handle future mechanical issues. This is an example of:
After successfully repairing your own car, you feel confident in your ability to handle future mechanical issues. This is an example of:
A telemarketer starts by asking you to answer a short survey and, after you agree, then asks you to purchase an expensive product. This persuasion technique is an example of:
A telemarketer starts by asking you to answer a short survey and, after you agree, then asks you to purchase an expensive product. This persuasion technique is an example of:
An individual who is struggling with feelings of inadequacy consistently accuses others of being insecure. Which Freudian defense mechanism is MOST likely at play?
An individual who is struggling with feelings of inadequacy consistently accuses others of being insecure. Which Freudian defense mechanism is MOST likely at play?
During exercise, your body sweats to regulate its temperature and maintain a stable internal state. This process is an example of:
During exercise, your body sweats to regulate its temperature and maintain a stable internal state. This process is an example of:
What is the MOST likely outcome of believing you are destined to fail a test, so you avoid studying, and ultimately do fail the test?
What is the MOST likely outcome of believing you are destined to fail a test, so you avoid studying, and ultimately do fail the test?
A political campaign focuses on presenting factual information about a candidate's policy proposals. This persuasive approach is an example of:
A political campaign focuses on presenting factual information about a candidate's policy proposals. This persuasive approach is an example of:
A person volunteers to coach a children's soccer team because they enjoy the game and the satisfaction of helping kids develop their skills. This is an example of:
A person volunteers to coach a children's soccer team because they enjoy the game and the satisfaction of helping kids develop their skills. This is an example of:
Flashcards
Self-serving bias
Self-serving bias
Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.
Cognitive dissonance theory
Cognitive dissonance theory
People experience discomfort when beliefs/actions are inconsistent and try to reduce it.
Five-Factor Theory
Five-Factor Theory
Personality is made up of five broad traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Actor-observer bias
Actor-observer bias
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Drive Reduction Theory
Drive Reduction Theory
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Altruism
Altruism
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Drive
Drive
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Bystander effect
Bystander effect
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Displacement
Displacement
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Informational social influence
Informational social influence
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Mere-exposure effect
Mere-exposure effect
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Attribution theory
Attribution theory
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Fundamental attribution error
Fundamental attribution error
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Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
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Projection
Projection
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Central route of persuasion
Central route of persuasion
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Peripheral route of persuasion
Peripheral route of persuasion
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Deindividuation
Deindividuation
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Just-world hypothesis
Just-world hypothesis
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Study Notes
- Self-serving bias involves attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.
- Example: Attributing a good grade to hard work, but a bad grade to an unfair exam.
- A sensation seeking test score of 57 (3 points below the mean of 60) falls within range, as does a score of 65 (5 points above the mean).
- Cognitive dissonance theory posits that people reduce discomfort caused by inconsistent beliefs or actions by changing their beliefs or behaviors.
- Five-Factor Theory states that personality is made up of five traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
- Actor-observer bias involves attributing our own actions to external factors and others' actions to their personality.
- Example: "I am late because of traffic; he is late because he is disorganized."
- Drive Reduction Theory states that motivations come from needing to reduce physical needs or discomfort.
- Example: Thirst motivates you to drink water.
- Preventing groupthink involves encouraging open discussion and diverse opinions.
- Altruism is helping others without expecting a return, while aggression is hostile behavior intended to harm someone.
- Drive in Drive Reduction Theory refers to the internal state of tension or need that motivates behavior.
- Example: Hunger or thirst.
- Bystander effect describes how people are less likely to help when others are present.
- Displacement (as a defense mechanism) involves redirecting emotions from a threatening target to a less threatening one.
- Example: Yelling at your friend instead of your boss.
- Yerkes-Dodson Law states that there is an optimal level of arousal for performance; too little or too much arousal can hinder performance.
- Reducing conformity in Asch's experiment can be accomplished by having an ally or providing an excuse for not conforming.
- Informational social influence is following others because you believe they have accurate information.
- Example: Following the crowd into a restaurant that others seem to know is good.
- Mere-exposure effect states that the more you are exposed to something, the more you tend to like it.
- Attribution theory explains how people attribute causes to behavior, either to internal or external factors.
- Example of self-efficacy: Believing you can successfully finish a project because you’ve completed similar tasks before.
- Fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors when judging others' behavior.
- Foot-in-the-door phenomenon is getting someone to agree to a large request by first setting them up with a smaller one.
- Example: Asking a neighbor to water plants, then asking them to look after your pet.
- Projection (as a defense mechanism) involves attributing your own undesirable feelings to others.
- Example: Accusing someone of being jealous when you are actually jealous of that person.
- Homeostasis is the body's tendency to maintain a stable internal environment.
- Example: Cooling down the body when body temperature rises.
- Conscientiousness (in the Big 5 personality traits) is the tendency to be organized, responsible, and dependable.
- Self-fulfilling prophecy is believing something will happen, leading your actions to make it come true.
- Example: Believing you’ll fail an exam and not studying, leading to failure.
- Central route of persuasion involves thoughtful consideration of the arguments or content.
- Peripheral route of persuasion happens through superficial cues like attractiveness or emotion, rather than content.
- Intrinsically motivated: when you do something for the inherent satisfaction of the activity itself.
- Example: Painting because you enjoy creating art.
- Extrinsically motivated: when you do something for external rewards or to avoid punishment.
- Example: Studying to get a good grade.
- Unconditional positive regard means accepting and valuing someone without judgment.
- Example: A parent loving their child no matter what mistakes they make.
- External locus of control is believing that external forces control your life, while internal locus of control: involves believing that your own actions and decisions shape your life.
- Calculating the mean (average) involves adding all values and dividing by the number of values.
- Collectivist culture emphasizes group goals and the importance of community over individual achievement.
- Instinct is an innate, fixed pattern of behavior that is typically inherited.
- Door-in-the-face phenomenon is starting with a large request that is likely to be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request.
- Example: Asking someone for a $100 donation, then asking for $10.
- Deindividuation: Losing self-awareness and restraint in groups, leading to behavior that might not occur individually.
- Example: Someone might act aggressively in a large crowd but not alone.
- Just-world hypothesis is the belief that people get what they deserve, and the world is fair.
- Example: Believing that poor people are poor because they are lazy.
- Normative social influence is the influence to conform to social norms in order to be liked or accepted.
- Six basic facial expressions: Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust.
- Diffusion of responsibility means that the more people present, the less personal responsibility each feels to help in an emergency.
- Projective tests examples: Rorschach Inkblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
- Facial feedback hypothesis says that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.
- Example: Smiling can actually make you feel happier.
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