Psychological Problems and Mental Health Overview
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Questions and Answers

Why is the activation synthesis theory of dreaming considered neuropsychological?

  • It relies solely on personal experiences of dreaming.
  • It emphasizes social influences on dream content.
  • It focuses on brain activity during REM sleep. (correct)
  • It explains dreams by looking at psychological factors only.

    • According to the neuropsychological perspective on schizophrenia, the frontal cortex is more active during certain tasks in individuals with schizophrenia.

    False (B)

    What specific brain region is often referred to as the 'control center' in the context of neuropsychological perspectives on schizophrenia?

    prefrontal cortex

    The prevalence of mental health problems tends to increase with age.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a component of good mental health according to Jahoda's definition (1958)?

    <p>External locus of control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neuropsychological explanation of schizophrenia emphasizes the role of ______ as a neurotransmitter associated with mood, perception, and movement.

    <p>dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ of a mental health problem refers to the number of new cases occurring within a specific time period, such as a year.

    <p>incidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain regions with their functions, based on the content provided:

    <p>Frontal Cortex = Controls functions including memory, behaviour, and emotion Prefrontal Cortex = Has decreased blood flow and activation during tasks in individuals with schizophrenia Pons = Acts like a message station, sending surges of brain activity during REM sleep Limbic System = The 'control center' of the brain, often impacted in schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neuropsychological theory of schizophrenia suggests that environmental factors are the primary cause of the disorder.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge in tracking the incidence of mental health problems over time?

    <p>Not all mental health problems are diagnosed and recorded, leading to a potential underestimation of true incidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific aspect of the activation synthesis theory makes it a neuropsychological explanation for dreaming?

    <p>The random surges of brain activity in the cerebral cortex during REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is more likely to be diagnosed with mental health problems according to the provided information?

    <p>Women (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following limitations of neuropsychology is highlighted within the text?

    <p>It cannot explain the full range of symptoms associated with schizophrenia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their corresponding definitions:

    <p>Prevalence = Number of new cases of mental health problems occurring in a specific time period Incidence = Number of people with a mental health problem at any given point in time Jahoda's Criteria = A set of six components proposed for defining good mental health Social Support Networks = Groups of people who offer emotional and practical assistance during times of stress or crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are examples of changes in attitudes towards mental health in the UK?

    <p>The introduction of the Mental Health Act (1959) (A), The media's coverage of mental health problems in the 1960s (B), The campaigning efforts of the charity Mind in the 1970s (C), The use of the term &quot;mental health&quot; instead of &quot;mental illness&quot; (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Mental Health Act (1959) was the first time the term "mental illness" was used.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain why the term "mental health" is considered more inclusive than the term "mental illness."

    <p>The term &quot;mental health&quot; emphasizes a focus on overall well-being and acknowledges that mental health is a spectrum. It aims to reduce stigma by avoiding the idea of being &quot;ill&quot; or &quot;different.&quot; By emphasizing &quot;health,&quot; it highlights the need for support and care rather than focusing on disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ _______ _______ (year) helped change attitudes towards mental health.

    <p>Mental Health Act 1959</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Social desirability bias = The tendency to overestimate or underestimate the prevalence of mental disorders. S = o T = h M = e A = n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the reasons why the term "insanity" is no longer used when discussing mental health problems?

    <p>It implies that people with mental health problems are out of control. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ICD and DSM are examples of classification systems that help standardise understanding of mental health.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way in which the media has helped to change attitudes towards mental health in the UK?

    <p>The media has helped to break the silence surrounding mental health problems by providing information, raising awareness, and giving a voice to those living with mental health conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organization was established in England to represent the views of mentally distressed individuals?

    <p>Mental Patients Union (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 1980s saw a well-funded care system for mental health in the community.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What program was launched in 2011 to improve attitudes towards mental health problems?

    <p>Time to Change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 1959 Mental Health Act led to the replacement of negative terms with the term ______.

    <p>mental health disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant change in attitudes towards mental health since the 1959 Mental Health Act?

    <p>Greater recognition of mental health challenges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stigmatization of mental health problems has been completely eradicated.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one effect of significant mental health disorders on society.

    <p>Issues with how they are addressed or managed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Stigma = A negative perception that influences how mental health issues are viewed World Mental Health Day = An event to promote awareness and understanding of mental health Mental Health Act of 1959 = Legislation that altered perceptions and treatment of mental health patients Time to Change = A program aimed at reducing stigma around mental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT used to diagnose schizophrenia?

    <p>Inability to recognize faces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schizophrenia affects men only in their 30s.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the tendency for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia to disengage with society?

    <p>Social drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schizophrenia is prevalent in ______% of the UK population.

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following recovery outcomes with their corresponding percentages after 10 years of diagnosis:

    <p>Fully recover = 25% Much improved = 25% Need support = 25% Hospitalized = 15% Died = 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic group is diagnosed with schizophrenia more frequently?

    <p>Caribbean and African origin individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Symptoms of schizophrenia should be present for at least one month during an episode of psychotic illness.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one negative symptom associated with schizophrenia.

    <p>Anhedonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might you feel if an event is interpreted irrationally?

    <p>Upset that they no longer want to be friends (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ABC model states that depression can only arise from irrational evaluations of situations.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential emotional consequence of interpreting an event rationally?

    <p>Nothing to worry about</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Depression may serve an _____ function, allowing individuals to stop competing for higher social status.

    <p>evolutionary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does the ABC model primarily focus on regarding depression?

    <p>Cognitive processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interpreting an event rationally can help reduce feelings of depression.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may the ABC model lead individuals to feel responsible for?

    <p>Their illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Dopamine

    A neurotransmitter that affects mood, perception, and movement.

    Frontal Cortex

    Brain region with decreased blood flow in schizophrenia, affecting task performance.

    Prefrontal Cortex

    The 'control center' of the brain, often defective in schizophrenia.

    Neuropsychology

    The study of the relationship between brain function and behavior.

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    Activation Synthesis Theory

    Theory explaining dreams as a synthesis of random brain activity during REM sleep.

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    Cerebral Cortex

    Part of the brain involved in higher functions and interpreting dreams.

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    Limbic System

    Brain region that controls emotions, memory, and behavior, activated during dreaming.

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    Nature vs. Nurture

    Debate on whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) affects behavior.

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    Symptoms of Schizophrenia

    At least one symptom from one category or two from another category must be present for diagnosis.

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    Thought Disturbances

    Problems with thinking clearly, including disorganized thoughts and speech.

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    Persistent Hallucinations

    Continuous experiences of sensing things that are not present, affecting any of the five senses.

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    Negative Symptoms

    Loss of normal functions, such as lack of pleasure (anhedonia) and reduced emotional expression.

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    Social Withdrawal

    A tendency to avoid social interaction, often becoming reclusive.

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    Diagnosis Age and Gender

    Schizophrenia is typically diagnosed in men in their 20s and women in their 30s, equally across genders.

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    Social Drift Theory

    The theory explaining that individuals with schizophrenia often move to lower social classes as they disengage from society.

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    Recovery Statistics

    After 10 years, recovery stats show 25% fully recover, 25% much improve, while 15% may be hospitalized.

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    Irrational Interpretation

    When a situation is viewed negatively, assuming bad intentions.

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    Rational Interpretation

    Seeing a situation in a reasonable way, such as understanding someone is busy.

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    Consequences of Beliefs (C)

    Feelings and reactions resulting from how a situation is interpreted.

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    Depression from Irrational Thoughts

    Feeling anxious or sad due to negative interpretations of events.

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    Criticism of ABC Model

    The model oversimplifies depression, ignoring biological factors.

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    Free Will

    The belief that individuals can choose their thoughts and actions.

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    Determinism

    The idea that behavior is influenced by external factors beyond control.

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    Social Rank Theory

    Depression may serve an evolutionary purpose by helping individuals cope with loss.

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    MPU

    Mental Patients Union, representing views of mentally distressed individuals.

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    Care in the community

    An approach in the 1980s to support those with mental health problems at home.

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    Moral panic

    An extreme fear or concern about a group, in this case, those with mental health issues.

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    World Mental Health Day

    A day established in 1992 to promote awareness and positive discussion on mental health.

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    Time to Change

    A program launched in 2011 to improve attitudes towards mental health.

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    Mental Health Act 1959

    Legislation that improved the perception and rights of those with mental health issues.

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    Stigma

    Negative perception and discrimination based on mental health issues.

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    Changing definitions

    The evolving understanding of what constitutes a mental health disorder.

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    Mental Health Coping

    Using social support networks and self-care to manage mental health.

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    Professional Care Need

    Seeking help from healthcare professionals when ill or injured.

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    Jahoda's Good Mental Health

    Criteria for good mental health include self-esteem, growth, and autonomy.

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    Prevalence of Mental Health

    Measures how many people have a mental health problem at a specific time.

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    Incidence of Mental Health

    The number of new cases of mental health problems within a certain time frame.

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    Gender Differences in Diagnosis

    Women are more frequently diagnosed with mental health problems than men.

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    Social Desirability Bias

    A tendency for people to report what they believe is acceptable rather than their true feelings.

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    LGBTQ Mental Health Risk

    Individuals identifying as LGBTQ are at higher risk for mental health issues.

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    Cultural Mental Health Differences

    Mental health definitions and problem perceptions differ by culture.

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    Common Mental Disorder

    Mental health issues prevalent among the population, such as anxiety or depression.

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    ICD

    International Classification of Diseases, a system for diagnosing diseases, including mental disorders.

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    DSM

    Diagnostic Statistical Manual, a classification system for mental disorders in the USA and Canada.

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    Stigma Reduction

    Efforts aimed at reducing negative perceptions of mental health issues.

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    Mind Charity

    An organization that advocates for the rights of individuals with mental health problems.

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    Study Notes

    Psychological Problems

    • Stereotype: A negative label assigned to a person based on perceived differences.
    • Prejudice: A preconceived opinion not based on reason or experience.
    • Stigma: Negative assumptions and unfair judgments based on a characteristic or attribute.
    • Discrimination: Unequal or biased treatment of different groups of people.
    • Care in the community: Community care for individuals instead of hospitals.

    Mental Health

    • It is hard to define: Mental health is subjective and personal.
    • Continuum model: Degrees of mental health, ranging from healthy to severely ill.
    • Healthy: Normal mood fluctuations, sleep patterns, energy levels, and social activity.
    • Reacting: Temporary struggles with sleep, energy, mood, and social interactions.
    • Injured: More consistent struggles with mood, anxiety, and social withdrawal.
    • Ill: Severe and persistent struggles, which could involve hospitalization and treatment by professionals.
    • Actions to take at each phase: Healthy lifestyle, self-care, social support, and seeking professional care if needed.
    • Mental health problems in people: Prevalence and incidence are measures that describe the number of people with these problems at a given time.
    • Prevalence: The number of people with a mental health problem at a particular time.
    • Incidence: The number of new cases of mental health problems within a given time period.
    • Factors affecting Mental Health Problems - Mental health can be affected by factors like the time of the year, social inequalities, cultural differences, and diagnoses.

    Jahoda (1958)

    • Good mental health: High self-esteem, personal growth, autonomy, integrity, and accurate perception of reality.
    • Low validity: Hard to embody all criteria of Jahoda well-being

    Classification Changes

    • ICD: International Classification of Diseases (WHO).
    • DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (APA).

    Attitudes Towards Mental Health

    • Negative attitudes: Attitudes surrounding mental health problems have changed since the 1959 mental health act.
    • Language evolution: Shift to using 'mental health' instead of 'mental illness'.
    • Understanding: Emphasis on understanding and empathy.
    • Progress but still stigma: mental health issues are still a taboo topic despite better understanding and progress being made.

    Effects on Society

    • Public services: Increased demand on public services due to a rise in mental health problems.
    • Care in the community: Community-based care instead of hospital-based care.
    • Attitudes in society: Increase in societal acceptance and understanding.
    • Legal changes: Laws were made to prevent discrimination and promote equality within society towards mental health and issues.

    Schizophrenia

    • Severe illness: Schizophrenia is a debilitating and potentially life-long mental disorder.
    • Symptoms: Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and negative symptoms like emotional flatness or lack of motivation.
    • Social drift theory: Lower socioeconomic status can influence the development of schizophrenia.
    • Biological factors: Significant genetic and biological factors play a role.

    Depression

    • Clinical Depression: Depressed mood caused by low serotonin levels and other factors.
    • Symptoms: Low mood, fatigue, loss of interest, and changes in sleep patterns or appetite.
    • ABC model: Activating event, belief, and consequence - cognitive theory.
    • Rational/Irrational beliefs: Irrational beliefs can lead to negative emotions and trigger depression.

    Social Rank Theory

    • Evolutionary function: Depression suggests an evolutionary function to reduce social conflict.
    • Social hierarchy: Lower social rank may be linked to an increased likelihood of depression.
    • Criticism: Oversimplification and overlooking many other potential contributing factors to depression.

    Core Study: Tandoc et al

    • Facebook Use, Envy, and Depression: Increased facebook use is associated with higher levels of envy, which in turn may be linked to a higher probability of depression.
    • Method: Online questionnaire using a Likert scale methodology.
    • Results: Facebook usage, social media, envy and, in turn, depression were all negatively correlated.
    • Key findings: Facebook use may lead to feelings of envy and, subsequently, depression.

    Application: Treatments of Mental Health Issues

    • Antipsychotics: Medication used to treat schizophrenia; typical and atypical medication.
    • Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), used to treat depression; a way to better cope with symptoms of mental illness.
    • Neuropsychology: Brain structure and function affect human behaviour.

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    Description

    This quiz examines key concepts related to psychological problems and mental health. It covers definitions of stereotype, prejudice, stigma, and discrimination, as well as the continuum model of mental health. Understand the different phases of mental health and the actions one can take for improvement.

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